The eye is one of the most important vital organs in the human body, 
enabling the individual to interact with the outside world through vision.Shared environmental and genetic factors
In some cases, diseases occur as a result of the interaction of genes with 
environmental factors, such as exposure to ultraviolet rays, which may increase the likelihood of diseases such as hereditary macular 
degeneration.Genetic diseases that affect the eye vary in terms of their impact and 
symptoms, and include, for example, retinitis pigmentosa, congenital 
retinopathy, Stargadt disease, age-related macular degeneration of a 
genetic basis, and corneal disorders and keratoconus.Genetic transmission patterns
Genetic eye diseases are usually transmitted based on the inheritance 
pattern, including:
Dominant inheritance: It is sufficient for an individual to carry one copy of 
the mutated gene to develop the disease, such as some forms of hereditary 
glaucoma.Recessive inheritance: The disease only appears if an individual inherits 
two mutated copies of the gene, one from each parent, as is the case with 
retinopathy pigmentosa.Sex-linked inheritance: transmitted through the sex chromosome (X or Y), 
and diseases linked to the X chromosome are often more common in 
males, such as sex-linked retinal dystrophy.Consanguineous marriage
In some societies, consanguineous marriage increases the risk of 
transmitting genetic diseases of the eye, as the chance of meeting similar 
recessive genes carrying disease-causing mutations increases.Genetic diseases of the eye are health issues that combine medical 
challenges with genetic complexity, as they result from mutations in the 
genetic material (DNA) that are passed from one generation to the next or 
appear randomly as a result of acquired genetic changes.These diseases not 
only affect vision, but also have profound psychological and social effects 
on those affected, making dealing with them require great efforts at the 
individual and societal levels.Changes in genes responsible for eye functions
Some genes are responsible for producing proteins necessary for the 
health of the retina, optic nerve, or lens.However, this delicate organ may be susceptible to many diseases that 
impede its basic function, including those resulting from genetic factors.This 
knowledge has provided promising opportunities for developing early 
diagnosis methods.It has also opened new horizons for treating genetic 
eye diseases through innovative techniques such as gene therapy, stem 
cells, and biotransplantation.These diseases are classified based on their genetic transmission pattern, 
as they can be:
1- Dominant genetic diseases: transmitted when there is only one copy of 
the affected gene.3- Sex-linked: transmitted through the sex chromosomes, and often affect 
males more than females
.Genetic mutations
Genetic mutations occur when there is a permanent change in the DNA 
sequence, which leads to the production of abnormal proteins or the 
failure to produce proteins necessary for the proper function of the eye.Some of these mutations are inherited from parents, while others may 
occur spontaneously during fetal development.Any change in them may lead to 
diseases such as macular degeneration or hereditary cataracts.Changes in genes responsible for the eye's response to light, such as genes 
associated with rod and cone cells in the retina, may cause disturbances in 
night vision or color vision.With developments in the field of genetics and medicine, it has become 
possible to accurately identify the genetic causes of these diseases.Causes of Genetic Eye Diseases
The causes of genetic eye diseases are due to changes or mutations in the 
genetic material (DNA) that affect the genes responsible for the normal 
development and functions of the eye.2- Recessive genetic diseases: appear only when there are two copies of 
the affected gene (one from each parent).The main causes of these diseases 
include the following :
1.2.3.4.5.6.