Jeddah's coastal position on the Red Sea results in a maritime climate and a historically trade-driven economy, shaped by its long history as a major port, fostering diversity and a strong trading culture.  In contrast, Riyadh's inland desert location produces a continental climate and an economy traditionally centered on governance, experiencing rapid growth and modernization since becoming the capital.  Economically, Riyadh focuses on government, finance, and a developing technology sector, while Jeddah's economy depends on its port, pilgrimage, and increasing tourism and cultural initiatives.