(in the second area above), he can explore the world of space.Kingsley Amis, as well as writing science fiction himself, has also written a book about the genre, called New Maps of Hell (1961), and in The Four-Gated City (1969), Doris Lessing also moves into the area of science fiction when she describes the world after it has been almost destroyed, and several of her later novels have also been in the area of science fiction.E. M. Forster's short story The Machine Stops (1909) describes a world where the machines are in control; and ALDOUS HUXLEY, who also wrote several lighter novels of social satire, gave a picture in Brave New World (1932) of a society so heavily organized and controlled that the only way for people to be themselves lies in escape George Orwell, in Nineteen Eighty-Four, and Anthony Burgess, in A Clockwork Orange, also give pictures of a future world, but their interest is less in the scientific advances that have been made than in the purposes these are used for.Aldiss has also written Barefoot in the Head (1969), in which he uses language clearly influenced by James Joyce in Finnegan's Wake to express what is happening in a world that has gone through a war fought with drugs


Arthur C. Clarke has also written much science fiction, including The City and the Stars (1957), in which a whole society is created by one machine that organizes everything until a mistake leads to the creation of a man who fights the rest of society.As well as these writers, there are many others whose work has been mainly science fiction, for example, John Wyndham, who in The Day of the Triffids (1951) and The Krakan Wakes (1953) shows the world after society as we know it today has been completely destroyed (Triffids and Kraken are the names of creatures he invented for the books).The details of science fiction stories change and develop as scientific advances are made, but many of the themes remain the same.Many writers who have been mentioned in connection with their other work have also written science fiction; as has been said, many of the novels of H.G. Wells fall into this group.Wells was very interested in the scientific advances of his age and looked ahead to imagine what the results might be in the future.On the whole, he was interested in the possibilities for good rather than in the disadvantages, although he was conscious of the possible dangers, and many of his


novels present a struggle between two ways of life, the human and the non-human.Orwell is interested in the effect on the human personality, and Burgess in the moral problems that change can bring.odyssey, a long adventurous journey.