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CONTEXT AND APPROACH
Kenya, like many countries in Africa, is continually prone to a wide range of both naturally occurring and manmade disasters.User Needs can be defined as "'the needs that a user has of a service, and which that service must satisfy for the user to get the right outcome for them"5. 5.1 User Needs Analysis
The main purpose of needs analysis is the user's satisfaction. As it focuses on the needs of the human, needs analysis is not limited to addressing the requirements of just software, but can be applied to any domain, such as automotive, consumer product or services such as banking. In the case of the Kenyan DRO, analysis of the User Needs is derived from the following main key priority areas as discussed in the stakeholder meetings in Kenya at both National and County level. o Disaster scenario priorities
o Identifying flood events as a first priority and consideration of wildfires as second priority. o Communication of information in a timely manner o Ability to view and access satellite based mapping products. o Timeliness of the delivery of satellite imagery based mapping and information supporting a response. o Ability to share critical data between DRO during all stages of the disaster management cycle. o
o Training requirements
o Capacity building and training for users of EO based information and satellite communications systems is essential to maximise the value they can obtain from any solution developed. Raising awareness and understanding of the potential capabilities and also limitations. o Train the trainer to ensure continual dissemination of knowledge and skills to allow for a sustainable long term solution. o Coordinated training to develop inter agency cooperation. o
o Knowledge Transfer
o The requirement for support in the development of Emergency Operations Centres, particularly in their operation and management. o The requirement for support in the review and/or development of DRM Standard Operating Procedures. 5.1.1.1 Disaster scenario priorities
The flood scenario was repeatedly discussed as a first priority for all stakeholders who participated in recent meetings. The Western part of Kenya in particular is very prone to flood events. For example the Niando river is reported to flood every 4 - 6 months. Niando floods were due to heavy rain upstream, so excess rainfall is an early warning alert to prepare for potential floods downstream. Preparedness mapping products can support planning risk assessment for floods by providing simulated models of flood levels at different severities along with reference base map layers of assets and populated places at risk. Fire was one of the other priorities which emerged in the recent meetings with NDMU and KRC. Discussions led to the identification of a potential post-disaster product which could map the fire scars in vast areas, e.g. pastures or fields, and highlight the green vegetated areas still available for grazing purposes
5.1.1.2 Communication of timely geographic information in a timely manner
The main communication method currently used to provide geographic information during the disaster is verbally via phone or text based using a variety of commonly available messaging applications (e.g. WhatsApp). NDMU and KRCS are very often the initial DRO response to incidents and as such provide the critical coordination . Both NDMU and KRCSagree that improved fast communications are required. Information, beyond the extant verbal and messaging formats, needs to be shared by many people at different levels within different organisations. For example the ability to share data such as mapping, satellite imagery, and videos, whilst possible (and commonly practiced) using mobile phones, remains totally reliant on robust, stable mobile network coverage. There is a genuine requirement for a Common Operating Picture (COP) , shared amongst all of the key DRO, driven by a mixture of on the ground reporting and other sources (e.g. EO satellite imagery, media, international and national agencies) that could be accessed by all and where appropriate manipulated by those providing situational reporting. At present the KRCS have a GIS based reporting tool however it is only accessible via their own internal network, relies on dated Google based mapping/imagery and is limited by its ability to ingest data from other sources, such as map based incident tracking services. 5.1.1.3 Training requirements
The current expertise of staff varies depending upon the entity (stakeholder), the level of administrative responsibility (national, county, sub-county level) and the degree of engagement in the public body (member of staff or volunteer). Training courses are held in NDOC about 2 - 4 times per year, whereas some other stakeholders, both in Nairobi and at county level, have training in GIS and even basic Remote Sensing skills (e.g. at the County Government of Kisumu) but this is currently not used during the response operations. 5.1.1.4 Knowledge Transfer
Whilst national DRO were well resourced in terms of DRM policies and SOPs, some were beyond their last review date primarily due to lack of capacity on the part of the organisations. County level DRO had little if anything in the way of county specific SOPs, instead relying almost solely on national level policy which is not tailored to their specific requirements. The combined list of User Needs identified during engagement with key Kenyan DRO stakeholders can be found at Table 4 below. 6. USER REQUIREMENTS
This section develops the needs and constraints of the users and other stakeholders into User Requirements, defined as "describing the business needs for what users require from the system6" which serves as a starting point for the specification of potential project solutions and associated services.In addition the inherent flexibility of SATCOM technology (i.e. lack of requirement for terrestrial connections) provides greater utility in the establishment and delivery of communication hubs (for command and control, and communications purposes) supporting temporary settlements (e.g. IDP or refugee camps) which may often be located in areas outside of mobile network coverage.This framework is often described as a four phase lifecycle as seen below in Figure 3:
3.2 Disaster Scenarios
The disaster scenarios in which the key stakeholders identified and engaged with by the project are primarily responsible for, are grouped into the following disaster types:
??Accidents (industrial, vehicle / plane crash, urban fire, bush fire)


Kenyan stakeholders have identified that amongst all of these potential events, floods represented the most frequent disaster occurring in Kenya,
Wildfires were also identified as regularly occurring large scale disaster events.3.3.4 Doctrine Use Case Scenario
The review of and in some cases the development of DRM policies, and the procedures by which those policies will be implemented, will be critical to ensuring that the relevant DRO have the necessary guidelines, operating procedures and contingency plans, ranging from the strategic to the tactical levels which can then be rehearsed, reviewed and amended during the course of unilateral and joint exercise events.In addition to the selection of these counties, the project identified the desire of the GoK to establish Regional Multi Agency Coordination Centres (RMACC), under the aegis of Regional Commissioners, as an additional layer of capability between the national and county levels.This scenario can be simulated prior to a flood event occurring and is therefore extremely useful in allowing DRO planners to model and develop evacuation plans for people affected by floods, identify safe/dry areas where to place resources and power generators (if no power is available) and to plan accessibility and transportation routes.The 4 counties selected provide the broadest range of criteria including coastal, urban and rural geographical areas; areas and populations subject to regular naturally occurring and man-made disasters; and with some form of DRM infrastructure and organization.SatDRR proposed solutions will afford users resilience, specifically at key nodal points at the national (strategic) and county (tactical) levels, regardless of damage, congestion or unavailability of terrestrial based mobile networks.3.6.2 Satellite Communications Use Case Scenario
Although the SATCOM equipment is unlikely to provide much in the way of mitigation in relation to the disaster occurring, it will assist in mitigating the risks that responders are exposed to, thus reducing risk of injury or death to on the ground responders, the resultant loss of personnel/manpower, risk of loss or damage to vehicles and equipment and costs associated with the above.Climate change is having an effect on the frequency and intensity of the natural disasters, whilst a rapid growth in population, increasing urbanization and conflict is contributing to other events including disease, environmental pollution and mass migration.As part of the SatDRR project Milestone 1, the Consortium conducted an extensive period of stakeholder identification, analysis and assessment, the aim of which was to map the Kenyan Disaster Risk Management (DRM) landscape.The counties were selected from an initial list of 8, through consultation with NDOC, NDMU and KRCS, and scored against a series of criteria including the range and occurrences of disasters, the size of the population, terrain, and security.In addition to the engagements conducted by the in-country team over this period, representatives from Airbus, Avanti and GRC conducted a visit to Kenya during the period 4-7 September 2018, with the aim of visiting the key stakeholders and determining the most appropriate technical solutions.The proposed project SATCOM solutions will allow the users resilient communications regardless of the status of existing networks..5.


Original text

CONTEXT AND APPROACH
Kenya, like many countries in Africa, is continually prone to a wide range of both naturally occurring and manmade disasters. Climate change is having an effect on the frequency and intensity of the natural disasters, whilst a rapid growth in population, increasing urbanization and conflict is contributing to other events including disease, environmental pollution and mass migration. Some like drought are classified as slow-onset natural disasters, whilst others such as flooding, and landslides are considered rapid onset. Between 1990-2014, 71.2% of disaster related fatalities and 93% of combined economic losses in Kenya were attributed to floods1. The Kenyan government has estimated that droughts and floods alone have caused economic losses in the region of $12.1 billion.
As part of the SatDRR project Milestone 1, the Consortium conducted an extensive period of stakeholder identification, analysis and assessment, the aim of which was to map the Kenyan Disaster Risk Management (DRM) landscape. Having identified the key stakeholders, work was undertaken to understand their specific roles, responsibilities and influence within the complex network of organizations and agencies. Time, resources and events, as well as judgment on the appropriateness of engagement precluded interaction with all identified stakeholders.
Given the constraints on time and resources available to the project, it was necessary to carefully select potential beneficiaries on the basis of a range of factors including their relative position and influence within the DRM landscape and then match their needs to project’s ability to deliver tangible effect and therefore contribute to the enhancement of Kenya’s ability to plan for and respond to a range of natural and man-made disasters.
The counties were selected from an initial list of 8, through consultation with NDOC, NDMU and KRCS, and scored against a series of criteria including the range and occurrences of disasters, the size of the population, terrain, and security. The 4 counties selected provide the broadest range of criteria including coastal, urban and rural geographical areas; areas and populations subject to regular naturally occurring and man-made disasters; and with some form of DRM infrastructure and organization. Map 1 (right) shows the location of the 4 selected counties in relation to the country.
In addition to the selection of these counties, the project identified the desire of the GoK to establish Regional Multi Agency Coordination Centres (RMACC), under the aegis of Regional Commissioners, as an additional layer of capability between the national and county levels. By in large these RMACCs remain unfunded and in some cases un-resourced, and their exact role within the DRM process, still to be fully articulated. It is believed that each RMACC would in theory cover several counties and potentially empowered to divert resources from unaffected counties to support the county affected by a disaster. However, it was the view of NDOC that these nascent entities would in future play an important role in the coordination of response to disasters, and as such should be included within the project.2 Map 2 (left) shows the location of the regions that cover the 4 counties above.
In addition to the engagements conducted by the in-country team over this period, representatives from Airbus, Avanti and GRC conducted a visit to Kenya during the period 4-7 September 2018, with the aim of visiting the key stakeholders and determining the most appropriate technical solutions. Through the process of User Needs data capture and analysis the Consortium determined the User Requirements, both of which are described in detail later in this report.
OPERATIONAL USE CASE SCENARIOS
This section describes a selection of operational scenarios which would elicit a response by Kenyan authorities and NGOs and explains how each aspect of the SatDRR project might support that scenario.
3.1 Overview
Disaster management can be defined as the organisation and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and recovery in order to lessen the impact of disasters. This framework is often described as a four phase lifecycle as seen below in Figure 3:
3.2 Disaster Scenarios
The disaster scenarios in which the key stakeholders identified and engaged with by the project are primarily responsible for, are grouped into the following disaster types:
➢Accidents (industrial, vehicle / plane crash, urban fire, bush fire)


Kenyan stakeholders have identified that amongst all of these potential events, floods represented the most frequent disaster occurring in Kenya,
Wildfires were also identified as regularly occurring large scale disaster events. Wildfires or out of control slash and burn / hunting fires cause significant damage to large scale areas, affecting property and access to grazing lands and pasture for livestock. This impacts upon access to land and resources and can lead to community conflicts. These environments are valuable assets from a financial and environmental point of view and can technically be mapped both during the event and even a few days after occurrence in the form of fire scars (depending on image availability / cloud cover).
Given the wide range of disaster types, consortium members identified a need to prioritise the development of solutions on the basis of technical feasibility, resources and risk frequency criteria. As such it was agreed amongst the Consortium and key stakeholders that the project should focus on delivering priority support to the prevention of and/or response to floods, followed by wildfires. It was further agreed that other disaster scenarios such as drought may be given some consideration during the course of the project, as appropriate and resources permit, to ensure the project solution will have the potential for broader development in the future.
3.3 Preparedness Phase
The aim of emergency preparedness programmes is to develop a satisfactory level of readiness to respond to any emergency situation through programmes that strengthen the technical and managerial capacity of governments and communities. These will typically include the development and sustainment of emergency planning, decision making and response capabilities which will require training, logistical resources, specialist equipment, communications, information, strategies, policies and procedures. Preparedness will also take the form or ensuring that strategic stocks of food, equipment, water, medicines and other essentials are maintained in the event of national or local catastrophes.
3.3.1 EO Satellite Imagery Use Case Scenario
Pre-disaster scenario: Mapping of potential areas prone to floods with infrastructure and assets at risk (Figure 4). This scenario can be simulated prior to a flood event occurring and is therefore extremely useful in allowing DRO planners to model and develop evacuation plans for people affected by floods, identify safe/dry areas where to place resources and power generators (if no power is available) and to plan accessibility and transportation routes. This service may also be useful for insurance purposes as it provides useful information on the financial assets (e.g. buildings, infrastructure, crops etc.) potentially at risk in the event of a flood.
In addition, reference mapping can be offered in the form of a base map Figure 5, displaying reference layers including point features with attributes and emergency contact information. This map could identify relevant offices, emergency points, equipped first aid centres, etc.
3.3.2 Satellite Communications Use Case Scenario
By strategic positioning of the SATCOM terminals, (for example, counties with known topographical issues or propensity to disaster) authorities will be better prepared to respond to and report from potential disaster. Further to this, the SatDRR solution will allow fixed location terminals to be relocated to allow multiple terminals to be deployed, providing greater communication, coordination and planning capability as a disaster unfolds.
3.3.3 Training Use Case Scenario
Pre-disaster scenario: Through the use of table top and command post type exercises, national level organisations bring together the key agencies involved in DRM, to conduct the rehearsal of plans they would expect to carry out in response to an incident. Using the example of a fuel tanker road traffic accident, NDOC would be able to play out the scenario using agencies involved in such an incident, through the simulation of their contingency plan, identifying and observing the reactions of each organisation and thereby highlighting risks, issues and developing means to mitigate them. Such exercises allow organisations to hone their response skills through practice.
3.3.4 Doctrine Use Case Scenario
The review of and in some cases the development of DRM policies, and the procedures by which those policies will be implemented, will be critical to ensuring that the relevant DRO have the necessary guidelines, operating procedures and contingency plans, ranging from the strategic to the tactical levels which can then be rehearsed, reviewed and amended during the course of unilateral and joint exercise events. The ability of a DRO to operate effectively and efficiently will be significantly enhanced when supported by up to date policy, plans and procedures, which have been tested during exercises and thus provide the bedrock of their response to disaster events.
3.4 Response Phase
The aim of emergency response is to provide immediate assistance to maintain life, improve health and support the morale of the affected population. The primary types of response to almost all disaster events will be the provision of medical support, shelter, food and water and firefighting. Thereafter, dependent on the event, response may also include repairs to damaged infrastructure and utilities, the establishment of semi-permanent accommodation, environmental clean-up, mass casualty identification, relocation of population etc.
3.4.1 EO Satellite Imagery Use Case Scenario
Disaster response scenario. Rapid mapping can provide details on the extent of areas affected by floods (Figure 7). This scenario needs information to be immediately distributed efficiently across all operators.
3.4.2 Satellite Communications Use Case Scenario
Recent incidents have demonstrated that, in the event of prolonged power failure, the Cellular (and particularly Long Term Evolution (LTE))4 network may become unreliable or defunct. Power outages are a relatively common occurrence across the country. Further although the 2G voice network across Kenya is good (~90% coverage), there are areas of poor or no signal in the more remote locations. Basic data services via 3G are only available in relatively high population density areas with no provision in substantial parts of the country – with 3G services often being inadequate for the supply of data rich services. 4G services are typically restricted to urban areas and major transport routes. . To date, responders have overcome this by physically moving between the incident and a location that has communications, in some cases this has meant individuals walking up mountains away from the incident or individuals driving from HQ locations to the incident to relay information face to face, removing personnel from the task and exposing them to unnecessary risk. SatDRR proposed solutions will afford users resilience, specifically at key nodal points at the national (strategic) and county (tactical) levels, regardless of damage, congestion or unavailability of terrestrial based mobile networks. The solutions will also allow stakeholders the flexibility to respond to disasters and transmit and receive data and voice in real time.
3.4.3 Training Use Case Scenario
Response scenario: Using command post style training exercises (CPX) DRM organisations can conduct a simulated exercise, from national level down to first responders, practicing command, control and communications and information management. They can also incorporate into the training international responses and other difficulties faced with incident response.
Such CPX exercises highlight DRM procedures and actions, inter-agency cooperation and the command structure from top down. Such scenarios allow for all levels of response to be considered and how each organisation reacts to certain situations within the response cycle.
3.4.4 Doctrine Use Case Scenario
Well planned and written policies will provide extensive understanding by all DRM organisations in their specific rolls and requirements. This will enhance knowledge sharing throughout the DRM community further evolving their capability to respond at the right level with the right resources.
3.5 Recovery Phase
Recovery activities continue until all systems return to normal or satisfactory level. This includes short and long term measures, ensuring that all critical life-support systems recover to at least minimum operating standards. There is no distinct point at which immediate relief changes into recovery and then into long-term sustainable development. However, the point at which the affected population becomes capable of taking on the wider burden of responsibility for restoring normality usually signals the transition from recovery to relative normalisation.
3.5.1 EO Satellite Imagery Use Case Scenario
Post-disaster scenario: Recovery mapping of the status of flood impact and disaster response recovery.
In the case of wildfires, mapping of post-fire burn scars (Figure 10), extents of impact and areas of remaining green vegetation that could be available for grazing can be provided.
3.5.2 Satellite Communications Use Case Scenario
Large scale or protracted disasters are likely to have long term effects on existing infrastructure such as power, fixed communications and road systems. The proposed project SATCOM solutions will allow the users resilient communications regardless of the status of existing networks. Further to this it affords the users the flexibility to redeploy at short notice allowing them to respond to the aftermath of a major disaster based on information supplied over EO or other sources, utilising resources and personnel with increased effectiveness. In addition the inherent flexibility of SATCOM technology (i.e. lack of requirement for terrestrial connections) provides greater utility in the establishment and delivery of communication hubs (for command and control, and communications purposes) supporting temporary settlements (e.g. IDP or refugee camps) which may often be located in areas outside of mobile network coverage.
3.5.3 Training Use Case Scenario
Post-disaster scenario training can incorporate recently used incident data that reflected the decisions made during the response phase. These can then be measured through different considerations: were the right assets deployed? Were there enough assets? Were the right departments informed? This would then be incorporated into a Lessons Identified database and used to inform changes to a range of areas including policies and procedures, organisational structures and how assets might be employed in the future.
3.5.4 Doctrine Use Case Scenario
Doctrine scenarios can be developed during the review phases of the department policy documents. New drills and SOP’s can be shaped and designed through workshopped ideas and inserted into the documents. An example would be the development of structured reports and returns to aid in decision making, further supporting the recovery phase. Inter-agency cooperation is required to develop cohesion between DRO and ensure that national and organisational policies are broadly aligned.
3.6 Mitigation Phase
Mitigation activities are designed wherever possible to eliminate or reduce the probability of disaster occurrence or reduce the effects of unavoidable disasters. Mitigation measures include the enforcement of structural building designs and regulations; zoning and land use management; preventive health care, public education and awareness. The mitigation phase, and indeed the whole disaster management cycle, includes the shaping of public policies and plans that either modify the causes of disasters or mitigate their effects on people, property, and infrastructure.
3.6.1 EO Satellite Imagery Use Case Scenario
As in the post disaster recovery phase, on-going monitoring can continue with the acquisition of satellite imagery for analysis, such as the status of restoration efforts and assets such as properties and crops, which were damaged by floods, allowing for longer term monitoring and mitigation.
3.6.2 Satellite Communications Use Case Scenario
Although the SATCOM equipment is unlikely to provide much in the way of mitigation in relation to the disaster occurring, it will assist in mitigating the risks that responders are exposed to, thus reducing risk of injury or death to on the ground responders, the resultant loss of personnel/manpower, risk of loss or damage to vehicles and equipment and costs associated with the above. Further to this, effective deployment of SATCOM equipment will allow responding authorities (NDOC, NDMU, KRCS) to monitor a disaster and plot evacuation plans or deploy personnel and equipment in a focused and proactive manner.
3.6.3 Training Use Case Scenario
Using previous incidents, disaster mitigation plans can be played out through table top style workshops to help design deliberate planning procedures. These can then become the basis of future emergency planning requirements such as the purchasing of equipment or DRM training for personnel.
Within the mitigation phase organisations can put into place action plans for community-based approach and sensitisation in the public domain; multi-agency approach; drills and simulation exercises to highlight gaps across the country; DRM rehearsals and equipment testing. This then enables the emergency policies to be written correctly as prior preparedness and rehearsals have alleviated unforeseen situations.
3.6.4 Doctrine Use Case Scenario
Data management across the DRM community is virtually non-existent – SatDRR could provide coordination and synchronisation to improve data sharing across all DRM agencies. Integrating and standardising information management practices and technologies could establish a much broader level of knowledge transfer throughout DRM organisations.
5. USER NEEDS
This section provides an overview of the needs of those key stakeholders identified to be direct beneficiaries of the project. User Needs can be defined as “‘the needs that a user has of a service, and which that service must satisfy for the user to get the right outcome for them”5.
5.1 User Needs Analysis
The main purpose of needs analysis is the user's satisfaction. As it focuses on the needs of the human, needs analysis is not limited to addressing the requirements of just software, but can be applied to any domain, such as automotive, consumer product or services such as banking. In the case of the Kenyan DRO, analysis of the User Needs is derived from the following main key priority areas as discussed in the stakeholder meetings in Kenya at both National and County level.
• Disaster scenario priorities
• Identifying flood events as a first priority and consideration of wildfires as second priority.


• Communication of information in a timely manner o Ability to view and access satellite based mapping products.
• Timeliness of the delivery of satellite imagery based mapping and information supporting a response.
• Ability to share critical data between DRO during all stages of the disaster management cycle.

• Training requirements
• Capacity building and training for users of EO based information and satellite communications systems is essential to maximise the value they can obtain from any solution developed. Raising awareness and understanding of the potential capabilities and also limitations.
• Train the trainer to ensure continual dissemination of knowledge and skills to allow for a sustainable long term solution.
• Coordinated training to develop inter agency cooperation.

• Knowledge Transfer

• The requirement for support in the development of Emergency Operations Centres, particularly in their operation and management.
• The requirement for support in the review and/or development of DRM Standard Operating Procedures.
5.1.1.1 Disaster scenario priorities
The flood scenario was repeatedly discussed as a first priority for all stakeholders who participated in recent meetings. The Western part of Kenya in particular is very prone to flood events. For example the Niando river is reported to flood every 4 – 6 months. Niando floods were due to heavy rain upstream, so excess rainfall is an early warning alert to prepare for potential floods downstream. Preparedness mapping products can support planning risk assessment for floods by providing simulated models of flood levels at different severities along with reference base map layers of assets and populated places at risk. Fire was one of the other priorities which emerged in the recent meetings with NDMU and KRC. Discussions led to the identification of a potential post-disaster product which could map the fire scars in vast areas, e.g. pastures or fields, and highlight the green vegetated areas still available for grazing purposes
5.1.1.2 Communication of timely geographic information in a timely manner
The main communication method currently used to provide geographic information during the disaster is verbally via phone or text based using a variety of commonly available messaging applications (e.g. WhatsApp). NDMU and KRCS are very often the initial DRO response to incidents and as such provide the critical coordination . Both NDMU and KRCSagree that improved fast communications are required. Information, beyond the extant verbal and messaging formats, needs to be shared by many people at different levels within different organisations. For example the ability to share data such as mapping, satellite imagery, and videos, whilst possible (and commonly practiced) using mobile phones, remains totally reliant on robust, stable mobile network coverage. There is a genuine requirement for a Common Operating Picture (COP) , shared amongst all of the key DRO, driven by a mixture of on the ground reporting and other sources (e.g. EO satellite imagery, media, international and national agencies) that could be accessed by all and where appropriate manipulated by those providing situational reporting. At present the KRCS have a GIS based reporting tool however it is only accessible via their own internal network, relies on dated Google based mapping/imagery and is limited by its ability to ingest data from other sources, such as map based incident tracking services.
5.1.1.3 Training requirements
The current expertise of staff varies depending upon the entity (stakeholder), the level of administrative responsibility (national, county, sub-county level) and the degree of engagement in the public body (member of staff or volunteer). Training courses are held in NDOC about 2 – 4 times per year, whereas some other stakeholders, both in Nairobi and at county level, have training in GIS and even basic Remote Sensing skills (e.g. at the County Government of Kisumu) but this is currently not used during the response operations.


5.1.1.4 Knowledge Transfer
Whilst national DRO were well resourced in terms of DRM policies and SOPs, some were beyond their last review date primarily due to lack of capacity on the part of the organisations. County level DRO had little if anything in the way of county specific SOPs, instead relying almost solely on national level policy which is not tailored to their specific requirements.
The combined list of User Needs identified during engagement with key Kenyan DRO stakeholders can be found at Table 4 below.



  1. USER REQUIREMENTS
    This section develops the needs and constraints of the users and other stakeholders into User Requirements, defined as “describing the business needs for what users require from the system6” which serves as a starting point for the specification of potential project solutions and associated services.


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