لخّصلي

First, once they have lent money in exchange for financial claims, suppliers of funds need to monitor or check the use of their funds.Specifically, given the choice between holding cash and longterm securities, fund suppliers may well choose to hold cash for liquidity reasons, especially if they plan to use savings to finance consumption expenditures in the near future and financial markets are not very deep in terms of active buyers and sellers.Second, the relatively longterm nature of some financial claims (e.g., mortgages, corporate stock, and bonds) creates a second disincentive for suppliers of funds to hold the direct financial claims issued by users of funds.They must be sure that the user of funds neither absconds with nor wastes the funds on projects that have low or negative returns.

First, once they have lent money in exchange for financial claims, suppliers of funds need to monitor or check the use of their funds. They must be sure that the user of funds neither absconds with nor wastes the funds on projects that have low or negative returns. Such monitoring actions are often extremely costly for any given fund supplier because they require considerable time, expense, and effort to collect this information relative to the size of the average fund supplier’s investment.

Second, the relatively longterm nature of some financial claims (e.g., mortgages, corporate stock, and bonds) creates a second disincentive for suppliers of funds to hold the direct financial claims issued by users of funds. Specifically, given the choice between holding cash and longterm securities, fund suppliers may well choose to hold cash for liquidity reasons, especially if they plan to use savings to finance consumption expenditures in the near future and financial markets are not very deep in terms of active buyers and sellers.

Third, even though realworld financial markets provide some liquidity services, by allowing fund suppliers to trade financial securities among themselves, fund suppliers face a price risk upon the sale of securities. That is, the price at which investors can sell a security on secondary markets such as the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) may well differ from the price they initially paid for the security either because investors change their valuation of the security between the time it was bought and when it was sold and/or because dealers, acting as intermediaries between buyers and sellers, charge transaction costs for completing a trade.