لخّصلي

Water supply is a set of measures to provide water to various consumers - the population, industrial enterprises, etc.1 - input of chlorinated and coagulated water; 2 - fabric bag; 3 - willow basket; 4 - tap for discharging filtrate after fabric filter; 5 - activated carbon; 6 - perforated disks (upper and lower); 7 - tap for discharging filtrate after TUF; 8 - support ring; 9 - rubber gasket; 10 - screens (upper and lower); 11 - rubber gaskets.After 4-6 hours of operation, the fabric bag must be replaced with a new or used washed fabric filter.The TUF-200 kit includes the filter itself, equipped with a fabric bag in the upper half and activated carbon in the lower half; a hydraulic pump; 4 rubber tanks RDV-100; 2 canvas buckets, supplies of coal, alumina, bleach; spare parts, accessories and tools.Water purification means include field filters (NF-30, TUF-200, PF-200), portable water purification unit PVU-300, military filter stations (VFS-2.5, MAFS-3, VFS-10), water desalination means (OPS, OPS-5).Passing through the filter, the water in the fabric bag is freed from suspended particles and coagulant flakes, and in the activated carbon layer, from excess chlorine.Recently, the troops have begun to be supplied with complex purification stations (CPS), which allow for the purification and desalination of water within the framework of a single technological scheme.The named means allow to remove natural pollution, radioactive and poisonous substances, toxins and pathogenic microorganisms from water.By closing the lower and opening the upper outlet taps, make sure that the water is sufficiently clarified and reliably disinfected: clear water with a strong smell of chlorine should flow from the tap.The completeness of the removal of excess chlorine from the water, or dechlorination , is checked by assessing the water flowing from the lower tap: here the water should not have a smell of chlorine. 1) is designed to clarify and decolorize water, free it from toxic substances and pathogenic microorganisms.Three RDV-100 tanks are filled with water to be treated using canvas buckets and subjected to coagulation and superchlorination .When the water settles and the flakes settle to the bottom, it is passed through the filter using a hydraulic pump; clean water is collected in the fourth RDV-100 tank.The most common scheme of water treatment can be presented on the examples of operation of the filter TUF-200 and the military filter station VFS-10.Fabric-carbon filter TUF-200.The TUF-200 filter (Fig.The filter operation diagram is shown in Fig.Activated carbon is replaced with a new one after 20-40 hours of operation.A sign of the need for its replacement is the appearance of a chlorine smell in the filtrate.The filter can purify from 200 to 400 ?water per hour.Each kit comes with instructions for using the filter.Fig.2.3.1.

Water supply is a set of measures to provide water to various consumers – the population, industrial enterprises, etc. Along with the term "water supply", in some cases the concept of " water supply " is used. This should be understood as a wider range of tasks solved not only at the local, federal or regional level, but also taking into account state and interstate problems in the field of providing the population with water.

Water supply of troops (forces) is a set of measures carried out by specially designated forces and means for the purpose of providing troops (forces) with water in the required quantity and of the established quality. Among the measures ensuring the health and combat readiness of troops, water supply occupies one of the important places. With the sharply limited availability of good-quality water, especially in field (combat) conditions, there is always a temptation, dangerous to health and life, to drink any available water, which can sharply complicate the sanitary and hygienic situation in the troops.

The conditions of accommodation of military personnel in military towns and on ships, training and combat activities on land, in the air and at sea make high demands on water supply. At the same time, medical service specialists proceed from the following principles:

• Large-scale military operations always lead to massive pollution of water sources ;

• in wartime, it is possible to deliberately contaminate water sources with radiological and chemical-biological agents that retain their damaging properties for a long time;

• when organizing water supply for troops (forces), first of all, centralized water supply systems for populated areas and military towns;

• field deployment of troops and movement of personnel lead to the use of various water supply sources, which requires the availability of certain water reserves and constant readiness to improve its quality using technical means, portable water purification devices and tablet preparations;

• actions in personal protective equipment at high air temperatures, in closed spaces with a large number of heat-producing elements, under high physical and psycho-emotional stress sharply increase the need of personnel for high-quality drinking water.

• Responsibilities of services (medical, chemical, food, engineering) in organizing water supply for troops in the field

Responsibility for providing troops with water in the field is assigned to the commanders of military units. On their instructions, a set of measures is carried out to provide troops with water, which includes an assessment of the water supply of the area, identification of the main consumers of water, as well as exploration of water sources, its extraction, improvement of quality, storage, delivery and issuance to personnel. The direct implementation of the tasks of field water supply to troops is organized by the chief of staff of the military unit, the deputy commander for logistics, the heads of services - engineering, medical, NBC protection.

Chief of Staff The military unit is responsible:

• for organizing coordinated actions of service chiefs and interaction between them on water supply issues, planning the provision of troops with water, preparing guidelines (orders, instructions) and monitoring their implementation, organizing the protection and defense of field water supply points and water collection points;

• standardization of water consumption for military units and subdivisions.

Deputy Commander for Logistics provides:

• timely delivery (transportation) of drinking water in the required quantity to consumers;

• organizes the equipment and maintenance of water collection points and the storage of drinking water;

• provides the means for its delivery and storage.

Head of Engineering Service is obliged to:

• organize engineering exploration of water sources;

• prepare proposals for the commander, together with the deputy commander for logistics, on water supply;

• organize the extraction and purification of water, equip and maintain field water supply points;

• provide troops with standard field water supply equipment, organize their operation and repair, as well as the supply of consumables.

Head of the NBC Service protection is organized by:

• radiation, chemical and biological reconnaissance of the terrain and water sources in areas where field water supply points and water collection points are installed;

• constant radiation, chemical and biological monitoring at field water supply points and water collection points.

Head of Medical Service:

• assesses the sanitary-epidemic and epizootic state of the areas where field water supply points and water collection points are equipped;

• organizes the provision of units (subdivisions) with means for disinfecting individual water supplies, as well as medical monitoring of the condition of field water supply points, water collection points, means of delivery (transportation), storage of water, and monitoring of its quality.

• organizes and carries out medical monitoring of the health of personnel working at military water supply facilities.

• participation of the medical service in the exploration and selection of water sources;

Troops are usually supplied with water for domestic and drinking purposes in the field from the centralized water supply systems of the nearest military camps or settlements, and in their absence - from field water supply points (FWP) arranged at existing water sources (water intake wells, shaft wells, springs, etc.), and from water collection points deployed and equipped for distributing imported water. The most preferable option for long-term camps is to equip their own distribution network with its connection to the centralized water supply main.

The use of open water bodies (rivers, lakes, ponds, etc.) as water sources is permitted only if they are properly equipped.

Sanitary and epidemiological supervision measures for water supply to troops when located in field conditions (camps) include:

• control over the quantity and quality of water issued to personnel;

• participation of the medical service in determining measures to improve water quality and monitoring compliance with the technological regime of water treatment;

• assessment of the effectiveness of water disinfection;

• control over the sanitary and epidemiological condition of water supply systems, water storage and transportation facilities;

• checking military personnel's compliance with the drinking regime;

• control over the provision of personnel with preparations for disinfecting individual water supplies, individual cleaning agents and instructions on the rules for their use;

• medical monitoring of the health of personnel involved in the extraction, purification, storage and delivery of water;

• Conducting a sanitary and epidemiological examination of water if there is a suspicion of its contamination with radioactive substances, toxic substances and biological substances.

2. Water consumption standards and water quality requirements

The troops' need for water depends on the nature of their actions and climatic conditions. Troops in the field are provided with water in accordance with established standards, based on the number of personnel and the amount of equipment. Water consumption standards in the field include water for drinking (household and drinking) and technical needs.

Drinking water is used for drinking, cooking, baking bread, washing, bathing, washing dishes and kitchen utensils, medical needs, cleaning premises and for keeping animals.

Industrial water is used to prepare degassing and disinfecting solutions, wash equipment, weapons and supplies, and also to fill (top up) engine cooling systems.

The total water consumption rates in a field camp for household and drinking needs in the absence of a water supply and sewerage system (brought-in water) are calculated 40 лper 1 serviceman per day, and in the presence of a distribution network (water supply) without sewerage - 100 лper 1 serviceman per day.

When units, groups and individual servicemen perform combat training and other tasks away from their units, water consumption standards (Table 1) are established depending on the weather (moderate - up to + 25 °C and hot - more than + 25 °C) and are, respectively: for household and drinking needs - 20 and 30 лper 1 serviceman per day ; for sanitary and household needs - 40 and , and a total of 60 and 50 лper 1 serviceman per day is required, respectively, for drinking water .80 л

The minimum water consumption rate, which allows active military personnel to continue their activities, is from 5.5 to 9,0 лper day per person. In exceptional circumstances (for a period of no more than 3 days ), water may be issued only for drinking purposes (making tea and creating a reserve of water in flasks) in the amount of 3.5 to 6,0 лper person.

In conditions of water shortage, the water consumption rate includes only that part of it that is used to satisfy physiological needs and personal hygiene requirements, and in case of acute water shortage - only for physiological needs. The minimum water consumption rate is introduced in exceptional cases when troops operate in desert and low-water areas or in case of mass contamination of water sources. In areas with salt water, fresh water is used primarily for drinking and cooking. 

Table 1.

Daily drinking water consumption rates for personnel (liters per 1 serviceman)

Type of water consumption

In moderate weather (up to + 25 °C)

In hot weather (above +25°C)

For household and drinking needs

Making tea and stocking water in flasks

3.0

4.0

Cooking

3.0

3.5

Baking bread

1.0

1.0

Washing kitchen utensils

2.0

2.5

Washing individual dishes

1.0

2.0

Washing and washing hands

5.0

7.0

Daily rubdown

5.0

10.0

Total...

20.0

30.0

For sanitary and household needs

Washing of personnel

10.0

14.0

Washing linen, uniforms ( 2 кг)

20.0

20.0

Medical needs

4.0

6.0

Cleaning and sanitization of residential premises and common areas

6.0

10.0

Total...

40.0

50.0

Total...

60.0

80.0

Water consumption for medical stations of a battalion, regiment (brigade) is determined based on the number of personnel at the rate 1,5 лper person. The daily water consumption rate for a separate medical battalion of a division is30 м3 per day.

The medical service of a military unit is responsible for monitoring compliance with water consumption standards. Unlike all other types of supply, the provision of troops with water is based on the assumption that water consumption standards under any conditions should not be lower than the established value. They must be increased at the first opportunity. The unit doctor is obliged to ensure that water consumption standards are increased whenever appropriate conditions arise.

At present, the most appropriate and scientifically substantiated drinking regimen is recognized, which recommends timely quenching of thirst with moderate portions of water. Intentional abstinence from drinking water during periods of stress in the heat contributes to a decrease in the work and combat effectiveness of military personnel. With a water deficit in the body equal to 0.7-1.0% of body weight, dry mouth, moderate thirst appear, and work capacity does not decrease. With a deficit of 1.5-2.0%, diuresis decreases, appetite decreases. Work capacity decreases mainly due to an irresistible feeling of thirst. With dehydration within 4.0-5.0% of body weight, sweating, secretion of the salivary glands and diuresis decrease, significant dryness of the skin and mucous membranes is noted, complete anorexia, unquenchable thirst, a decrease in work capacity occur, and mental disorders may occur. With a water deficit in the body equal to 8.0–10.0%, saliva production ceases, the skin becomes dry, wrinkled and flabby, and cracks appear. Physical and mental exhaustion occurs, and death is possible. With further dehydration, urination completely ceases, vision and hearing are impaired, and hallucinations appear. A loss of 15.0–20.0% of body weight due to dehydration is incompatible with life.

Requirements for water quality in field conditions must ensure the preservation of the combat capability and health of military personnel for a period of time determined by the actual combat situation (Table 2).

Requirements for drinking water quality in field conditions. Table 2

Name

Indicators

Maximum permissible levels of toxic substances:

nuclear explosion products, μCi /l

No more than 20

Microbiological indicators:

total coliform bacteria, CFU/100 ml

Absence

total microbial count, CFU/1 ml

No more than 100

coliphages , PFU/100 ml

Absence

Organoleptic characteristics:

transparency, cm

No more than 20

color, grad

» » 35

turbidity, mg/l

» » 2

smell, points

» » 3

taste and aftertaste, points

» » 3

residual active chlorine, mg/l

0.8...1.2

Chemical indicators:

copper, mg/l

No more than 3

chlorides, mg/l

» » 350

nitrates, mg/l

» » 45

mineralization (dry residue), mg/l

» » 1500

Notes:

1. 
   

   Maximum permissible concentrations of toxic substances and benzene are indicated in the relevant instructions.

   
   


2. 
   

   Depending on the sanitary and epidemiological situation, the list of monitored water quality indicators may be expanded in agreement with the chief state sanitary doctor in whose area of responsibility the garrison is located.

   
   

It should be borne in mind that the value of sanitary and bacteriological indicators used under normal conditions ( coliform bacteria, coliphages ) can be quite conditional in wartime, since they are designed to determine microorganisms entering the water along with household wastewater. If, however, a pure culture of microorganisms not containing E. coli as associated flora is introduced into the water source as a result of the enemy's use of BS, the value of the coli index, despite the high microbial contamination, will not change. Consequently, E. coli loses its sanitary and indicative value under these conditions; however, it retains its value (as well as other sanitary and bacteriological indicators) for assessing the effectiveness of water disinfection.

In conditions where the enemy uses weapons of mass destruction, oxidizability, ammonia, nitrites and nitrates, and chlorides also lose their sanitary and indicative significance. In those cases where the enemy does not use BS, as well as during long-term use of the same water source, sanitary-bacteriological and general sanitary indicators retain their significance, so their determination cannot be abandoned.

For the sanitary treatment (washing) of personnel and for washing clothes, water from the source without treatment may be used, in agreement with the medical service, provided that the content of radioactive and toxic substances, pathogenic microorganisms and toxins in it does not exceed the established values.

3. Water exploration and hygienic assessment of water sources

To identify water sources and determine the possibility of their use, engineering reconnaissance patrols conduct water reconnaissance. If necessary, the patrol includes medical service specialists.

The task of water reconnaissance is to:

• to establish the type, quantity, location, and sanitary condition of water sources and the surrounding area;

• determine the suitability of water for drinking and other needs;

• assess the technical condition of the sources, the flow rate and water reserves in them;

• the possibility of equipping water supply points and approaches to them.

• open water bodies (rivers, lakes, ponds, reservoirs, seas);

The following can be used as water sources:

• underground water sources (wells, boreholes, springs, etc.);

• atmospheric precipitation (rainwater, snow, ice).

Open water bodies are often polluted by domestic and industrial wastewater, rainwater and melt water. Therefore, preference should always be given to underground water sources, as they are protected from surface pollution by the overlying soil layers. The greater the depth of the aquifer, the better the sanitary condition of the water.

Wells are dug in places convenient for approach and drive, but not closer than the established distances from possible sources of soil and groundwater pollution (latrines, garbage and manure pits, cattle yards, etc.), and necessarily higher up the slope than the detected sources of pollution. The walls of the well are reinforced with a frame made of logs or beams, reinforced concrete rings, bricks or stones. The frame of a shaft well should rise above the ground by 0.7–0.8 m (head) and have a tight lid with a lock. To protect the water in the well from pollution from the soil surface, a clay castle made of pressed and well-compacted clay with a depth 2 мand width of is arranged along its perimeter 1 м. The area around the well should be paved within a radius of up to with 2 мstone, brick or boards, giving it a slope away from the frame of the well, and a drainage ditch should be dug. The well must be equipped with a bucket (tub), or better yet, equipped with water-lifting equipment. To protect wells from destruction and exposure to radioactive and toxic substances, they are dug at the bottom of pits, which are covered with a layer of logs and soil.

Artesian water is of the highest quality. It is most often located at a great depth between two impermeable layers and is under high pressure. Therefore, after an artesian well is laid, water often rises through pipes to a certain height or even pours out onto the surface in the form of a fountain. Artesian waters have a stable chemical composition, little subject to seasonal fluctuations. In terms of bacteriology, they also have good indicators, so water from artesian wells is used for water consumption, as a rule, without treatment. When transporting or storing water for more than 2 hours in warm weather and more than 6 hours in cold weather, either disinfection or treatment is carried out on portable water purification devices.

Good quality water comes from springs or keys that can be used to provide water to small units. Springs are the outlets of underground water to the surface of the earth. When water rises through cracks in rocks and flows from the bottom up, the spring is called ascending, if the water comes to the surface on a mountain slope and flows from top to bottom - descending. Spring water is usually as reliable in terms of sanitary conditions as artesian water. For the correct use of springs, a catchment is arranged. Catching springs means clearing the place where they come out, constructing a pit, strengthening the bottom and walls, constructing a cover, a drain device, etc.

The tasks of medical reconnaissance of water sources include:

• sanitary and epidemiological survey of areas where water sources are located;

• sanitary and topographic survey of water sources;

• determination of water quality and its suitability for drinking and other purposes, and, if necessary, sampling for laboratory testing;

• justification of the conclusion on the suitability of the water source for water supply and the necessary measures for purification, disinfection, degassing and decontamination of water.

At the direction of a doctor (paramedic), a sanitary instructor may be involved in the exploration of water sources, the collection of samples for research and their sending to the laboratory.

When choosing a water source, first of all, it is necessary to establish whether the enemy has used weapons of mass destruction in the given territory. This has to be established by a number of indirect signs, since some toxic substances are odorless and do not impart an unusual appearance and taste to the water. The presence of toxic substances in water can be suspected by the appearance of an unusual odor, by oily greasy spots around the sources, by individual oily drops on the surface of the water and at the bottom of the reservoir. Indirect signs of contamination and poisoning of water can be the corpses of dead animals in the surrounding area and the presence of dead fish in the reservoir.

Water from mine wells and boreholes located in the territory abandoned by the enemy may be used only after examination for the presence of toxic substances, radioactive substances, bacterial contamination and after its treatment. Rivers and streams flowing from the territory occupied by the enemy are better not to be used for water supply, especially in areas close to the front line.

Sanitary and epidemiological survey of the area where a water source is located is an integral part of sanitary and epidemiological reconnaissance conducted by the medical service.

When examining a water source, a basic assessment of the physical and organoleptic properties of the water is made - its temperature, transparency, color, smell; the taste of the water can only be determined in the absence of OB , PB and bacterial contamination.

Taking water samples and sending them for laboratory testing. The reliability of laboratory water analysis results largely depends on how correctly the samples are collected. Water samples are collected using a bathometer, which allows you to take a water sample at the desired depth. If there is no bathometer, the sample is taken using a bottle with a weight adapted for this purpose.

For chemical analysis, 2–4 liters of water are collected in clean bottles, rinsed twice with the water taken for analysis. A water sample for bacteriological analysis is taken in sterile (disinfected) containers. Before filling the bottle with water, its neck is burned over the flame of an alcohol lamp; when closing the bottle, the cork is burned. The bottles with samples are wrapped in paper and tied with twine. The sample volume for determining coliform bacteria and microbial count is 0,5 л, for testing for the presence of pathogenic microorganisms - 3 л.

In wartime, the correct selection of water samples for radiometric analysis is of particular importance. For this purpose, two samples are usually taken from a reservoir - from the surface and bottom layers of water; a sample of water from the bottom layer is taken after preliminary stirring of the water near the bottom, so that the bottom sediments are included in the sample. In some cases, according to special instructions, samples of algae, fish, plant and animal organisms suspended in water, as well as samples of the surface layers of soil along the banks of the reservoir are taken for research.

Water is taken from wells with pumps or from water taps after pumping out or draining the water for 5–10 minutes. The sample must be analyzed no later than 2 hours after sampling. If this is not possible, the analysis can be performed no later than 6 hours after sampling, but in this case it must be stored at a temperature of 1 to 5°C.

Along with the sample, an accompanying document (act) is sent to the laboratory, which must indicate:

• name of the water source and its location;

• date of sample collection;

• for open water bodies – the distance from the shore and the depth from which the sample was taken, measured from the surface and from the bottom of the water body;

• organoleptic properties of water (transparency, color, smell, temperature);

• meteorological conditions (air temperature and amount of precipitation) on the day of sampling and on each of the 10 preceding days; for open water bodies – also wind strength and direction;

• sanitary and technical condition of the water source;

• special conditions that may affect the quality of the water in the source;

• the last name, first name, patronymic and position of the persons who took the samples.

The act is signed by the persons who took the sample.

After conducting reconnaissance of water sources, the reconnaissance group draws up a reconnaissance report scheme and enters the obtained data into the water source card. Inspection of sources on site can provide a lot for judging the quality of water. Thus, during their inspection, it is possible to detect indirect signs of water poisoning, which include odors (mustard, garlic, geranium, bitter almond) and tastes (bitter, metallic, astringent), not typical of good-quality water; oily greasy stains or drops on the surface of the water or around the source; dead fish in the water source . A thorough and complete examination of the water source on site significantly simplifies the task of sanitary assessment of water in the field.

4. Troops' standard field water supply equipment

Standard equipment for providing troops with water in the field is divided into water extraction equipment, water purification equipment, and water delivery and storage equipment.

Water extraction facilities are divided into facilities for extraction of shallow (up to 25 m 50 м) and deep (up to 200 м) groundwater. Extraction of groundwater from a depth of up to 25 мis provided by a shallow tube well (MTK-2M), a mechanized auger well (MShK-15), and a water extraction unit (UDV-15, UDV-25).

for extracting underground water at depths up to 50 м. The PBU-50M rig, compared to the PBU-50, has a modified design of the drilling tool, filter and well digger, which increases its water extraction capabilities.

Extraction of deep groundwater is provided by a mobile drilling rig (PBU-200) and a rotary drilling rig (URB-Z-AM).

Water lifting means include manual pumps (BKF-4, "Gidropult") and electric pumps (KPN-5), water lifts.

Water purification means include field filters (NF-30, TUF-200, PF-200), portable water purification unit PVU-300, military filter stations (VFS-2.5, MAFS-3, VFS-10), water desalination means (OPS, OPS-5). Recently, the troops have begun to be supplied with complex purification stations (CPS), which allow for the purification and desalination of water within the framework of a single technological scheme.

The named means allow to remove natural pollution, radioactive and poisonous substances, toxins and pathogenic microorganisms from water. The most common scheme of water treatment can be presented on the examples of operation of the filter TUF-200 and the military filter station VFS-10.

The TUF-200 filter (Fig. 1) is designed to clarify and decolorize water, free it from toxic substances and pathogenic microorganisms. The filter can purify from 200 to 400 лwater per hour. The TUF-200 kit includes the filter itself, equipped with a fabric bag in the upper half and activated carbon in the lower half; a hydraulic pump; 4 rubber tanks RDV-100; 2 canvas buckets, supplies of coal, alumina, bleach; spare parts, accessories and tools. Each kit comes with instructions for using the filter.

The filter operation diagram is shown in Fig. 2. Three RDV-100 tanks are filled with water to be treated using canvas buckets and subjected to coagulation and superchlorination . When the water settles and the flakes settle to the bottom, it is passed through the filter using a hydraulic pump; clean water is collected in the fourth RDV-100 tank. Passing through the filter, the water in the fabric bag is freed from suspended particles and coagulant flakes, and in the activated carbon layer, from excess chlorine.

By closing the lower and opening the upper outlet taps, make sure that the water is sufficiently clarified and reliably disinfected: clear water with a strong smell of chlorine should flow from the tap. The completeness of the removal of excess chlorine from the water, or dechlorination , is checked by assessing the water flowing from the lower tap: here the water should not have a smell of chlorine. After 4-6 hours of operation, the fabric bag must be replaced with a new or used washed fabric filter. Activated carbon is replaced with a new one after 20-40 hours of operation. A sign of the need for its replacement is the appearance of a chlorine smell in the filtrate.

Fig. 3.1. Fabric-carbon filter TUF-200.

1 - input of chlorinated and coagulated water; 2 - fabric bag; 3 - willow basket; 4 - tap for discharging filtrate after fabric filter; 5 - activated carbon; 6 - perforated disks (upper and lower); 7 - tap for discharging filtrate after TUF; 8 - support ring; 9 - rubber gasket; 10 - screens (upper and lower); 11 - rubber gaskets.