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Chapter Three Software Faculty of Information Technology - Computer Science Department 1 Fundamentals of Information Technology Outline ?File Format File Extension Graphics .jpg , .png , .gif Sound .mp3 , .wma , .ogg Text .txt , .doc Video .mpg , .avi , .divx Programs .exe , .com , .bat Program Code .c , .java , .cs , .py File Extension Faculty of Information Technology - Computer Science Department 13 1.This is different from proprietary software like Windows, which can only be modified by the company that owns it. The advantages of Linux are : o It is free o There are many different distributions--or versions--you can choose from Linux Faculty of Information Technology - Computer Science Department 10 Mobile devices such as phones, tablet computers, and MP3 players are different from desktop and laptop computers, so they run operating systems that are designed specifically for mobile devices.Some of the specific versions include: o macOS 13 Ventura (released in 2018) o macOS 12 (Monterey) (2021) o macOS 11 (Big Sur) (2020) macOS Faculty of Information Technology - Computer Science Department 9 Linux (pronounced LINN-ux) is a family of open-source operating systems, which means they can be modified and distributed by anyone around the world.Examples of mobile operating systems include: o Apple iOS o Google Android Operating systems for mobile devices generally aren't as fully featured as those made for desktop and laptop computers, and they aren't able to run all of the same software.Examples of browsers include: o Mozilla Firefox o Google Chrome o Safari o Opera Application Software Faculty of Information Technology - Computer Science Department 19 Media players: If you want to listen to MP3s or watch movies you've downloaded, you'll need to use a media player.Faculty of Information Technology - Computer Science Department 3 o Operating system (e.g., Windows, Mac OS X) o Device drivers o Diagnostic and maintenance tools (e.g., Disk Cleanup) System software o Used by users to perform tasks on the computer Application software Main Categories of Software Faculty of Information Technology - Computer Science Department 4 An operating system is the most important software that runs on a computer .Shareware have three types: o Nagware: software keeps reminding the user to purchase the full version o Crippleware: software that works with limited functionality until the user purchases it o Freemium: software with a free tier and paid tier ?Graphical user interface (GUI) o User performs tasks using the software's graphical elements (e.g., windows, pointers, icons, menus).However, you can still do a lot of things with them, like o Watch movies o Browse the web o Manage your calendar o Play games Operating Systems for Mobile Devices Faculty of Information Technology - Computer Science Department 11 The file format is the structure of a file that tells a program how to display its contents, where each program encodes files in its own way.Types of Software Faculty of Information Technology - Computer Science Department 14 There are two kinds of user interface: o Command line interface (CLI) o Graphical user interface (GUI) Key difference is that a CLI is text-based while a GUI graphically-based User Interfaces Faculty of Information Technology - Computer Science Department 15 ?The three most common operating systems for personal computers are: o Microsoft Windows o macOS o Linux Modern operating systems use a graphical user interface (GUI).E.g., MP3 File Formats Faculty of Information Technology - Computer Science Department 12 File extension is used by the operating system to determine a file's format.Command line interface (CLI) o User enters text commands to perform tasks.System Software - OS Faculty of Information Technology - Computer Science Department 5 Your computer's operating system (OS) manages all of the software and hardware on the computer .A GUI lets you use your mouse to click icons, buttons, and menus, and everything is clearly displayed on the screen using a combination of graphics and text.Microsoft Windows Faculty of Information Technology - Computer Science Department 8 macOS (previously called OS X) is a line of operating systems created by Apple.Open-source Software is computer software whose source code is available openly on the internet and programmers can modify it to add new features and capabilities without any cost.Applications for desktop or laptop computers are sometimes called desktop applications, while those for mobile devices are called mobile apps.o User can perform tasks and interact with the hardware through software.Hard Disk Software is Loaded Read / Write CPU executes instruction What is Software?Shareware : User has a trial period in which to evaluate the software and purchase it if they want.Application Software Faculty of Information Technology - Computer Science Department 2 Software is instructions that tell a computer what to do. Also, known as programs or applications.o Loaded from secondary memory into primary memory, where it is executed by the CPU.Examples: Microsoft Office, Adobe Acrobat.E.g., HTML, PDF o Proprietary ????

Chapter Three
Software
Faculty of Information Technology - Computer Science Department
1
Fundamentals of Information Technology
Outline
 What is Software?
 Main Categories of Software
 System Software - OS
 The Operating System's Job
 Types of Operating Systems
 File Formats
 File Extension
 Types of Software
 User Interfaces
 Application Software Faculty of Information Technology - Computer Science Department 2
Software is instructions that tell a computer what to do. Also, known as programs or
applications.
• User can perform tasks and interact with the hardware through software.
• Loaded from secondary memory into primary memory, where it is executed by the CPU.
Hard Disk
Software is Loaded
Read / Write
CPU executes instruction
What is Software?
Faculty of Information Technology - Computer Science Department 3
• Operating system (e.g., Windows, Mac OS X)
• Device drivers
• Diagnostic and maintenance tools (e.g., Disk
Cleanup)
System
software
• Used by users to perform tasks on the
computer
Application
software
Main Categories of Software
Faculty of Information Technology - Computer Science Department 4
An operating system is the most important software that runs on a computer . It
manages the computer's memory and processes, as well as all of
its software and hardware. It also allows you to communicate with the computer
without knowing how to speak the computer's language. Without an operating
system, a computer is useless.
System Software - OS
Faculty of Information Technology - Computer Science Department 5
Your computer's operating system (OS) manages all of the software and hardware on
the computer . Most of the time, there are several different computer programs
running at the same time, and they all need to access your computer's central
processing unit (CPU), memory, and storage. The operating system coordinates all of
this to make sure each program gets what it needs.
The Operating System's Job
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Operating systems usually come pre-loaded on any computer you buy. Most people use the operating system
that comes with their computer, but it's possible to upgrade or even change operating systems. The three
most common operating systems for personal computers are:
• Microsoft Windows
• macOS
• Linux
Modern operating systems use a graphical user interface (GUI). A GUI lets you use your mouse to
click icons, buttons, and menus, and everything is clearly displayed on the screen using a combination
of graphics and text.
Each operating system's GUI has a different look and feel, so if you switch to a different operating system, it
may seem unfamiliar at first. However, modern operating systems are designed to be easy to use, and most
of the basic principles are the same.
Types of Operating Systems
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Microsoft created the Windows operating system in the mid-1980s. There have been many
different versions of Windows, but the most recent ones are:
• Windows 11 (released in 2021)
• Windows 10 (released in 2015)
• Windows 8 (2012)
• Windows 7 (2009)
• Windows Vista (2007)
Windows comes pre-loaded on most new PCs, which helps to make it the most popular
operating system in the world.
Microsoft Windows
Faculty of Information Technology - Computer Science Department 8
macOS (previously called OS X) is a line of operating systems created by Apple. It
comes preloaded on all Macintosh computers, or Macs. Some of the specific versions
include:
• macOS 13 Ventura (released in 2018)
• macOS 12 (Monterey) (2021)
• macOS 11 (Big Sur) (2020)
macOS
Faculty of Information Technology - Computer Science Department 9
Linux (pronounced LINN-ux) is a family of open-source operating systems, which
means they can be modified and distributed by anyone around the world. This is
different from proprietary software like Windows, which can only be modified by the
company that owns it. The advantages of Linux are :
• It is free
• There are many different distributions—or versions—you can choose from
Linux
Faculty of Information Technology - Computer Science Department 10
Mobile devices such as phones, tablet computers, and MP3 players are different from
desktop and laptop computers, so they run operating systems that are designed specifically
for mobile devices. Examples of mobile operating systems include:
• Apple iOS
• Google Android
Operating systems for mobile devices generally aren't as fully featured as those made for
desktop and laptop computers, and they aren't able to run all of the same software.
However, you can still do a lot of things with them, like
• Watch movies
• Browse the web
• Manage your calendar
• Play games
Operating Systems for Mobile Devices
Faculty of Information Technology - Computer Science Department 11
The file format is the structure of a file that tells a program how to display its contents, where
each program encodes files in its own way. However, A program will be unable to open a file if
it does not understand the file format.
File formats sometimes follow a standard; an agreed way of encoding data (e.g.,
webpages use the HTML5 standard). Standards can be:
• Open
⁻ Published openly
⁻ Free to use
⁻ E.g., HTML, PDF
• Proprietary
⁻ Owned by a company
⁻ Others can use the standard if they pay for a license
⁻ E.g., MP3
File Formats
Faculty of Information Technology - Computer Science Department 12
File extension is used by the operating system to determine a file’s format. E.g., the .docx
file format opens by default with Microsoft Word.
File Format File Extension
Graphics .jpg , .png , .gif
Sound .mp3 , .wma , .ogg
Text .txt , .doc
Video .mpg , .avi , .divx
Programs .exe , .com , .bat
Program Code .c , .java , .cs , .py
File Extension
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1. Proprietary Software : Software that Owned by an individual or company. Proprietary Software Types
   are :
    Commercial : Software that a user must purchase to use. Examples: Microsoft Office, Adobe
   Acrobat.
    Shareware : User has a trial period in which to evaluate the software and purchase it if they want.
   Shareware have three types:
   • Nagware: software keeps reminding the user to purchase the full version
   • Crippleware: software that works with limited functionality until the user purchases it
   • Freemium: software with a free tier and paid tier
    Freeware : Software is free to use but source code is not publically available


2. Open-source Software is computer software whose source code is available openly on the internet
   and programmers can modify it to add new features and capabilities without any cost.
   Types of Software
   Faculty of Information Technology - Computer Science Department 14
   There are two kinds of user interface:
   • Command line interface (CLI)
   • Graphical user interface (GUI)
   Key difference is that a CLI is text-based while a GUI graphically-based
   User Interfaces
   Faculty of Information Technology - Computer Science Department 15
    Command line interface (CLI)
   • User enters text commands to
   perform tasks.
   • Can be difficult to use the text
   commands if you don’t know or
   understand them.
    Graphical user interface (GUI)
   • User performs tasks using the
   software’s graphical elements (e.g.,
   windows, pointers, icons, menus).
   • Generally easy to use, especially for new
   users.
   User Interfaces
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   You may have heard people talking about using a program, an application, or an app.
   But what exactly does that mean? Simply put, an app is a type of software that allows
   you to perform specific tasks. Applications for desktop or laptop computers are
   sometimes called desktop applications, while those for mobile devices are
   called mobile apps.
   When you open an application, it runs inside the operating system until you close it.
   Most of the time, you will have more than one application open at the same time,
   which is known as multi-tasking.
   Application Software
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   The most common examples of application software are the computer programs that we used
   in our everyday life. This application software includes:


3. Web Browsers


4. Media Player


5. Games


6. Email Clients


7. Office Software


8. Graphics Software


9. Security Software


10. Software Development Tools
    Application Software
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    Web Browsers
    Web browsers: A web browser is the tool you use to
    access the Internet. Most computers come with a
    web browser pre-installed, but you can also
    download a different one if you prefer. Examples of
    browsers include:
    • Mozilla Firefox
    • Google Chrome
    • Safari
    • Opera
    Application Software
    Faculty of Information Technology - Computer Science Department 19
    Media players: If you want to listen
    to MP3s or watch movies you've
    downloaded, you'll need to use a media
    player. Examples of popular media players:
    • Windows Media Player
    • iTunes
    Media Player
    Application Software
    Faculty of Information Technology - Computer Science Department 20
    Games: There are many types of games
    you can play on your computer . They
    range from card games like Solitaire to
    action games like Halo. Many action
    games require a lot of computing power,
    so they may not work unless you have a
    newer computer .
    Games
    Application Software
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    Email Client Office Software
    Application Software
    Faculty of Information Technology - Computer Science Department 22
    Graphics Software Security Software
    Application Software
    Faculty of Information Technology - Computer Science Department 23
    Software Development Tools
    Application Software
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