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class 1 definition of RP

Transcribed by TurboScribe.ai.See the distinctive feature.Bismillah ar-Rahman ar-Raheem, alhamdulillah, wassalatu wassalamu ala rasulullah, ahlan wa marhaban bikum kullabna wa talibatna al-azza.Sanabda inshallah, muhadharatna al-oola, wa satakoon an unit 3, in Dr. Nazmi's book.If we talk about writing errors, another example, you may find in many sources that authors or researchers say that the most common error committed by Gaza students is invertences.But if you believe or define the research paper as collecting from sources and adding something new, etc., then the way you will write it will include both collecting ideas and something new.The distinctive feature of the research paper assignment is that it requires you to develop a subject in depth.These definitions are very important because the way you define the research paper, the way you will write it. If you define it as just collecting ideas from different sources, well it means you will write it in the same way.This definition was stated by Rosen and Behrens, 1997.No, you must be a critical thinker in order to distinguish between relevant and important ideas and irrelevant or less important ideas.OK, synthesis of your interpretation and evaluation of information.By gathering information, analyzing its separate elements.

class 1 definition of RP

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Bismillah ar-Rahman ar-Raheem, alhamdulillah, wassalatu wassalamu ala rasulullah, ahlan wa marhaban bikum kullabna wa talibatna al-azza. Sanabda inshallah, muhadharatna al-oola, wa satakoon an unit 3, in Dr. Nazmi's book. Dr. Nazmi's book can be found at the international bookstore behind the university.

It's titled Writing Research Papers for English, for Language and Literature Students. We'll start in page 3. In page 3 we have some definitions. We need to look at them.

These definitions are very important because the way you define the research paper, the way you will write it. If you define it as just collecting ideas from different sources, well it means you will write it in the same way. But if you believe or define the research paper as collecting from sources and adding something new, etc., then the way you will write it will include both collecting ideas and something new.

So again, the way you define the research paper, the way you will write it. Now we'll look at these different definitions, page 3 and page 4. These definitions are very important because they will tell you what the research paper is, and depending on these definitions you will know how to write a research paper. Let's look at the first one.

A research begins with a question with a need to know. This definition was stated by Rosen and Behrens, 1997. If we look at this definition, it's short, but it includes keywords that we need to focus on.

Research begins with a question. A question. This means you as a researcher, whenever you write on any topic, you have a question, at least one question in your mind.

Suppose you say I will write about Lady Macbeth, whether she's a heroine or a criminal. Well, this means you have a question in your mind. The question is, is Lady Macbeth a heroine or a criminal? So you want to write a research paper.

You want to search in different sources in order to come up with an answer to this question. So readers, when they read your research paper, they will find at the end that, yes, Lady Macbeth is a heroine or a criminal. If you write a research paper on writing errors of some students, this means you have questions in your mind.

What are the writing errors of those students? What are the most common writing errors? Why do these students commit these errors? And so on. So there is no research without a question. A question also means a problem.

There is a problem and you want to solve. Students make many errors. I want to write a research paper about students' errors in order to find solutions, to find an answer for such a question or such a problem.

So research begins with a question. No research without questions. If you don't have questions or problems, ask yourself, why are you writing this research paper on this topic? You will not find any logical answer.

But if you have a question or a problem, you will say, yes, I'm writing on this paper on this topic because I have a question in my mind. I want to answer. I want to look for the answer.

I have a problem about this topic and I want to find solutions for it. Let's continue with this definition. With a need to know.

No, with a need to know. Why do you write the research paper? Why do you conduct research in general? Because you need to know. If you want to learn about any topic, just make research.

You will learn about it. If you write a research paper on Lady Macbeth, then at the end you will find yourself knowing a lot about Lady Macbeth. If you write a research paper on writing errors, at the end of your research, you will find yourself learning or knowing a lot about this topic.

So research will teach you a lot. Because remember, when you make research, you will look at many sources written before. You will read and read and read.

So at the end, yes, you will find yourself whether you like it or not. You will find yourself learning a lot about the topic. Let's move to the second definition.

Research writing is an exercise in critical thinking. Critical thinking. What does it mean? Remember or imagine that you are reading a newspaper in the morning while you are watching TV and drinking your tea or your coffee.

You may read many things in this newspaper without paying much attention to what you are reading. Why do you think? Because you are not reading critically. You are not reading critically.

You don't pay much attention to what you are reading. Critical thinking or critical reading means while you are reading, you are thinking. While you are reading, you are asking yourself, are these ideas correct? Are these ideas logical? Are these ideas relevant to my research? Are these ideas irrelevant? Are these ideas important to my research? Are they not important? You read sources while in your mind you have all these questions.

Critical thinking. Sometimes while you are reading a passage or any piece of writing, you may ask somebody, is it true? Is it true what I'm reading? Is it true? So this means you are thinking while reading. You don't accept everything you read.

You think. And you may accept it. You may believe in it.

And sometimes you may read some ideas, but you say, well, I don't think this is correct. I don't believe in that. I think the writer is not correct.

And so on. So this means you are reading critically. You are thinking critically.

This is the way you should read sources. If you are writing, again, a research paper on Lady Macbeth, you will look for many sources about Lady Macbeth. Suppose you find a book about Lady Macbeth and you start reading.

If you don't read with critical thinking, you may read and pass through very important ideas without paying attention. You will lose them. But when you are thinking critically, you will say, oh, yes, this idea is good.

I want to take it and put it in my research. This idea is not relevant. This is not about my topic.

This paragraph is not very important. It will not contribute much in my research. The next sentence, the next paragraph are so important.

Yeah, I will take them. This is called critical thinking. You are reading with critical thinking.

So, again, if you conduct research, you will look for sources to read in order to borrow ideas from these sources. If you read without critical thinking, you will not know which ideas to take and which you don't take. You will not know which ideas are relevant to your topic and which are not, which ideas are important and which are not.

So this is what we mean by critical thinking. You read with thinking. You don't accept everything as true.

No, you must be a critical thinker in order to distinguish between relevant and important ideas and irrelevant or less important ideas. You need to need to know which ideas to take for your research. You may read thousands of ideas about your topic, but will you take all of them? Of course not.

You will be highly selective. So how to select which ideas to take, which ideas to leave? Then you should decide this while reading critically, while reading with thinking. So this is what we mean by critical thinking.

So research writing requires you to read sources critically in order to search for ideas. OK, let's continue this definition that tests your ability to collect ideas. See, collecting idea again.

This is so important. When you conduct research, you need to collect ideas and then to share them in clear, logical progression. These ideas, you will put them together in a logical order, in a logical progression.

Well, somebody may say, well, I'm genius. I can write not 10 pages. I can write 20 pages without collecting ideas from sources.

My mind is full of ideas. I don't need sources. Well, according to these definitions, you cannot try to research without collecting ideas from sources.

Your ideas in your mind are important, yes, but they are not enough. Because if you write ideas from your mind only, many readers may tell you, well, your ideas have been mentioned a long time ago by many previous researchers. Your ideas are very old.

Many researchers mentioned them. Then what will you do in this way? You will discover that your ideas are nothing. Therefore, conducting research means collecting ideas from different sources.

And then if you have in your mind some new ideas, yes, you should add. So there is no way. Collecting ideas is very important in writing research.

Remember, so far we have mentioned a question. I need to know. We have mentioned critical thinking.

We have mentioned collecting ideas. These are key words in research writing. Don't forget them when you write your research.

Let's move to the third definition. Research can be an increasing creative activity. Now, what does it mean? Creative activity.

Creative. It means something new. When you write your research, we said it's important to collect ideas from sources.

But you should add to these ideas. And this is what is meant by creative activity. Creation.

You need to add to the ideas which you collect from sources. Because ideas from sources alone cannot be called research. It can be called summarizing what was written before.

But research is different from summarizing. Part of the research is summarizing, collecting ideas. Yes, you need to collect ideas by summarizing what the previous researchers wrote before you.

But then, in order to call it research, you need to add to what the previous researchers said. You need to add. And in this way, you will add something different, something new.

And this is called creativity. Therefore, research by writing means creativity. It doesn't mean only collecting ideas.

So we have both. Collecting ideas and creativity. And the new ideas, your own new ideas.

Let's continue in the third definition. By gathering information. Yeah, we said that before.

Gathering information, which means collecting ideas. By gathering information, analyzing its separate elements. When you collect ideas, information, you need to analyze the information sometimes to comment on, to conclude something different, something new, to compare ideas which you collect.

Okay. And composing a synthesis of them. A synthesis.

What does it mean, a synthesis? This term is very important in research writing. I'll give you one example in order to show you what synthesis means. Synthesis.

Suppose you are writing about, let us again mention Lady Macbeth. Your topic of your research paper is Lady Macbeth, whether she is a criminal or a heroine. You will look for sources about authors who wrote about Lady Macbeth.

You will read them, collect ideas, and then at the end you will see how many of them said she's a heroine and why. And how many of them said she is a criminal and why. And then you compare and you conclude and you express your opinion whether you are with those who say she's a criminal or with those who say she is a heroine.

Now, when you read these sources, you will find many sources saying that, excuse me, saying that Lady Macbeth is a heroine. And you will find many sources saying she's a criminal. Now, this idea, she's a heroine, you will find it in many sources.

You may find it in 20 sources. Now, will you write this idea 20 times if you find it in 20 sources? The same meaning, the same idea. It's not the same words.

It's not important to be literally, but the meaning is the same. This author says she's a heroine. That author in his book says she's a heroine.

That writer in his article says she's a heroine. So many of them said she's a heroine. Now, this idea, Lady Macbeth is a heroine, is said by many authors, let's say 10 authors.

Will you write it 10 times? You'll find it in 10 sources. Will you write it 10 times? No. We write it one time only by using our own language.

And then we write all the sources in which we found this idea. This is called synthesis. We synthesize the 10 ideas, put them together in one idea, in one sentence or more.

This is called synthesis. If we talk about writing errors, another example, you may find in many sources that authors or researchers say that the most common error committed by Gaza students is invertences. This idea, you may find it in this source, in another source, in a third source, and so on.

And it's very logical because all these sources you are reading are about the writing errors on the same topic. So you may find the same idea, the same meaning in many sources. So if you find this idea that the most common errors committed by students are invertences.

Now, if you find it in five sources, will you write it five times? Will you say Mr. X says students commit vertences more than any other type of errors? And then Mr. Z says the same. And Mr. D says this. And you cannot repeat the same idea.

So we put the five similar ideas in one idea and then we put the five sources, which means we found this idea, the same meaning in five sources. So this is called synthesis. I hope that this is clear now.

Let's continue the definition. The third one, OK, and composing a synthesis of them means, as we said, putting these ideas which are similar together in our own language. And then we write all the sources in which we found this idea.

OK. You come to know your subject deeply. Do you remember? No, it's here.

We found it in the first definition also. So at the end of your research, you will find yourself. Knowing a lot about your subject.

Why? Well, imagine you conduct research and you collect sources, you read these sources. You may read 50 sources. Some researchers to write one research paper may read 100 sources.

Can you imagine this? If you read 20, 30 more or less about one topic, how much will you learn? You will find yourself learning a lot. Yes, believe me, you will feel that when you start writing your research paper. Now, let's move to the fourth definition.

A research paper is a work that you create. See, we mentioned the creativity before here, creative. And here the writer says it's a work that you create.

He doesn't say a work that you write, that you create, which means you should add something new. Yes, some people may say, well, the previous researchers talked about everything. How can I find something new? Well, this is not a problem, believe me.

Something new is not something very difficult. If you suggest a method of teaching the topic you are writing about, this is something new. If you write about the topic relevant to Palestinian students and it's the first time to find such a research paper on this topic.

Well, it's something new. Try to think of something like that, like suggesting a way of teaching, commenting on such ideas and concluding with something different. Finding something new doesn't mean you will write many pages from your mind.

Just a few lines, sometimes good ideas can be considered as something new. So don't worry about this point. Let's continue.

A research paper is a work that you create by consulting several sources, consulting several. So do you know what it means? It means reading sources to collect ideas. So, again, we said no research without collecting ideas from sources.

Even if you have in mind hundreds and thousands of ideas, you should tell the readers first what the previous researchers said about the topic. And then you can add your own ideas if you want. So research, as we said, both consulting sources or reading and collecting ideas from sources and creativity or new ideas.

OK, let's continue to answer our research question again. Question. We said no research without a question or a problem.

If you are asked why you are writing this research, will you have a question in your mind? I want to find an answer for it. The paper is a synthesis. Again, we have the term synthesis.

And synthesis will happen many often in your research, in other research, as we said, because you are reading many sources on the same topic. So it's logical to find many authors mention the same meaning, the same ideas. Sometimes this is very logical.

Now, if you put these ideas together in one idea using your language and then you write all the sources, it means you are a good researcher. Synthesis shows the ability of the researcher to synthesize, to collect ideas. It means the researcher is a good one because he reads many sources and he finds the same idea in many sources.

It means a lot. So synthesis is important. OK, synthesis of your interpretation and evaluation of information.

You discover, see, discover means something new. You will discover while writing, while collecting ideas, you will discover. Believe me, just give yourself a chance while writing, while reading about your topic.

You will discover many things at the beginning. You may say, I don't have ideas. I don't have sources.

No, give yourself a chance. You will find sources. You will find good ideas.

You will discover many things with complete documentation. Now, this is something new. Documentation in research means citation and citation means writing the sources.

If you take any idea from any source, you should document the source. You should cite the source. You should write the source.

You should credit the source, acknowledge the source. All these terms mean writing the source. If you take an idea from any source without writing it, this is plagiarism.

Because ideas that do not have sources means your own ideas from your mind. So if the idea is not from your mind, from a source, you should document. You should try the source.

We will learn how to write this later, inshallah. Okay, where do these discoveries come from? You should write or document where the ideas you are borrowing from sources come from. It's not a summary of an article or a book or a collection of summaries of articles or books.

We said this before. Research paper is not a summary of some articles or some sources you find on the topic. Summarizing is important, yes, which means collecting ideas from sources.

We summarize what the sources mention about your topic. This is an important part of your research. But as we said, it's not everything.

The research means collecting data or information or ideas or summarizing, plus your own ideas, creativity. Let's move to the next one. The distinctive feature of the research paper.

See the distinctive feature. It means the most important feature that will distinguish the research paper. What's the most important feature? Let's see.

The distinctive feature of the research paper assignment is that it requires you to develop a subject in depth. A subject in depth. You have a subject, you have a topic, a title, and you need to develop this title.

The title may be very small, but you need to develop it. So the research paper's title should be a small title. You cannot write about a very general title because you will not be able to cover it.

The opposite. The title or the topic should be small, a small point, and your job as a researcher is to develop it. For instance, you cannot write about all writing errors of students.

You will not finish this research. It's very big. But you can write about the very tense errors committed by students.

This is a small topic. You can develop it and write 20 pages about it or even more if you want. Instead of writing about grammar in students' writing, it's very general.

You cannot cover it. It should be very small. You can write about the use of articles in students' writing, the use of verb tenses in students' writing, the use of pronouns in students'.

Even pronouns will be a big topic because you will not be able to cover all types of pronouns. You may focus in your research paper on one type of pronouns. Let's say the demonstrative pronouns used by students in Gaza or at the De