لخّصلي

Categories of bioactive substances in food supplements and their therapeutic potential against DM FS contain various biologically-active ingredients that play a role in DM. These ingredients, which include polyphenols, polysaccharides, terpenoids, saponins, alkaloids, and others, reveal a wide range of biological activities against DM. Polyphenols Depending on their sources and chemical makeup, polyphenols are divided into various classes.According to several research, polyphenols prevent DM by targeting insulin cells, blocking glucose absorption and digesting enzymes, controlling gut microbiota, reducing inflammation, and preventing the development of advanced glycation end products.Numerous studies have been conducted on polyphenols to learn more about their special anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties as well as their potential therapeutic benefits in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and hypertension [19].Fruits like Graptopetalum paraguayense, Paullinia cupana, and Astilbe thunbergii are well-known sources of phenolic metabolites that also have good anti-diabetic properties.

Categories of bioactive substances in food supplements and their therapeutic potential against DM
FS contain various biologically-active ingredients that play a role in DM. These ingredients, which include polyphenols, polysaccharides, terpenoids, saponins, alkaloids, and others, reveal a wide range of biological activities against DM.
Polyphenols
Depending on their sources and chemical makeup, polyphenols are divided into various classes. K. Freudenberg and colleagues proposed a taxonomy for categorizing polyphenolic compounds in the early 20th century.Based on the chemical makeup of tannins and the pattern of their carbon bonds, compounds can be categorized into two types [17]. A subset of hydroxyl flavonoids called hydrolysable tannins make up one group, whereas condensed tannins made of flavone alcohol polymers make up the other [18]. Numerous studies have been conducted on polyphenols to learn more about their special anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties as well as their potential therapeutic benefits in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and hypertension [19]. According to several research, polyphenols prevent DM by targeting insulin cells, blocking glucose absorption and digesting enzymes, controlling gut microbiota, reducing inflammation, and preventing the development of advanced glycation end products. Most plants, such the Viburnum opulus, contain polyphenols. Fruits like Graptopetalum paraguayense, Paullinia cupana, and Astilbe thunbergii are well-known sources of phenolic metabolites that also have good
anti-diabetic properties. [20-21] Gallic acid, a nutritional additive that has long been used to help diabetics control
their blood sugar, is abundant in Emblica officinalis. Since 2010, there have beea
significant number of publications on "polyphenols and diabetes" [22]. Recent
research has demonstrated that polyphenols have
significant pharmacological effects, particularly in the treatment and prevention of
diabetes mellitus (DM). The mechanism is depicted in Fig. 3 (the plant image is from the Plant Photo Bank of China).
items made from natural ingredients that regulate hypoglycemia [23-24].
The increased attention given to polyphenols highlights their significance in large FS.
We should be aware that even though polyphenols are attracting attention, the
majority of the specific elements relating to their mechanism are still sourced from academic experts. The specific components that contribute to polyphenols may merit consideration in the FS's future development.


Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides are a group of natural biological macromolecules with a broad range of biological activities. They are vital parts of living things and are
present in the majority of plants' and microbes' cell walls, supplying the necessary
building blocks for sustaining life. Some structural polysaccharides do, however,
have pronounced hypoglycemic action. According to research, polysaccharides can
alleviate FS symptoms by protecting- cells, stabilizing insulin, increasing the number of insulin receptors, and accelerating glucose synthesis. insulin receptor sensitivity, alter the structure of gut microbiota, enhance cellular immune function, and control glucosidase activity [25]. Currently known polysaccharides in FS and their DM effects
Recent studies have shown that the levels of Momordica charantia polysaccharides
change under fermentation by Lactobacillus plantarum and confer a beneficial
effect on the intestinal flora, thereby improving DM.
In one experiment, rats that had been given streptozotocin to develop type 2
diabetes (T2DM) were fed a meal rich in fat and polysaccharides from both
fermented and unfermented M. charantia.
The polysaccharides were discovered to lower serum insulin levels in diabetic rats
after 4 weeks.
Additionally, the gut microbiota's metabolic process was