لخّصلي

The abdomen is inspected by positioning the patient supine on an examining table or bed.Visible intestinal peristalsis can be caused by intestinal obstruction.Assess for masses or bulges, which may indicate structural deformities like hernias or related to disorders in abdominal organs.The contour of the abdomen is often described as flat, rounded, scaphoid (sunken), or protuberant (convex or bulging).Visually examine the abdomen for overall shape, masses, skin abnormalities, and any abnormal movements.Generalized distention of the abdomen can be caused by obesity, bowel distention from gas or liquid, or fluid buildup.Ensure the patient is covered adequately to maintain privacy, while still exposing the abdomen as needed for a thorough assessment.Carefully note any scars, and correlate these scars with the patient's recollection of previous surgeries or injury.

The abdomen is inspected by positioning the patient supine on an examining table or bed. The head and knees should be supported with small pillows or folded sheets for comfort and to relax the abdominal wall musculature. The patient’s arms should be at their side and not folded behind the head, as this tenses the abdominal wall. Ensure the patient is covered adequately to maintain privacy, while still exposing the abdomen as needed for a thorough assessment. Visually examine the abdomen for overall shape, masses, skin abnormalities, and any abnormal movements.

Observe the general contour and symmetry of the entire abdominal wall. The contour of the abdomen is often described as flat, rounded, scaphoid (sunken), or protuberant (convex or bulging).
Assess for distention. Generalized distention of the abdomen can be caused by obesity, bowel distention from gas or liquid, or fluid buildup.
Assess for masses or bulges, which may indicate structural deformities like hernias or related to disorders in abdominal organs.
Assess the patient’s skin for uniformity of color, integrity, scarring, or striae. Striae are white or silvery elongated marks that occur when the skin stretches, especially during pregnancy or excessive weight gain.
Note the shape of the umbilicus; it should be inverted and midline.
Carefully note any scars, and correlate these scars with the patient’s recollection of previous surgeries or injury.
Document any abnormal movement or pulsations. Visible intestinal peristalsis can be caused by intestinal obstruction. Pulsations may be seen in the epigastric area in patients who are especially thin, but otherwise should not be observed.[7],[8]
Auscultation