لخّصلي

1.The main focus of the synchronic analyses has been to identify the grammatical constraints on borrowing, and to describe the phonological, syntactic and morphological integration of borrowed words.The importance of the role of lexical and structural borrowing for language change has however only fairly recently been recognised, as until the publication of Thomason and Kaufman's (1988) book on contact-induced change, historical linguists used to emphasise internal causes of language change.In addition, researchers have tried to delimit borrowing from other language contact phenomena, such as code-switching and transfer, and they have developed different classifications of borrowing.Introduction

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   Introduction

   
   


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   Borrowing and Linguistic Branches

   
   

Borrowing the incorporation of features of one language into another - has been studied by researchers working in a wide range of areas, from a diachronic as well as a synchronic perspective. In a diachronic research tradition that focuses on the historical development and the genetic classification of languages, it is clearly of central importance to be able to distinguish borrowed features from non-borrowed or native features of a language. The importance of the role of lexical and structural borrowing for language change has however only fairly recently been recognised, as until the publication of Thomason and Kaufman's (1988) book on contact-induced change, historical linguists used to emphasise internal causes of language change. Interest in the synchronic analysis of borrowing emerged towards the turn of the century. The main focus of the synchronic analyses has been to identify the grammatical constraints on borrowing, and to describe the phonological, syntactic and morphological integration of borrowed words. In addition, researchers have tried to delimit borrowing from other language contact phenomena, such as code-switching and transfer, and they have developed different classifications of borrowing.

However, borrowing takes different forms based on different linguistic branches, (see Figure 1).