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Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) exhibit a continuous variation of material properties due to their non-homogeneous microstructure.

Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) exhibit a continuous variation of material properties due
to their non-homogeneous microstructure. As a result, the specific material properties exhibit a smooth and continuous change from one surface to another, starting with a gradual fluctuation of the volume fraction of the constituent materials. This key advantage of FGMs is highly beneficial for various contemporary endeavors, particularly in the development of new materials for applications related to biomedical devices, solar panels, aviation, sensors, and ceramics.
Conventionally, FGMs are manufactured using a blend of metals and ceramics, characterized by a gradual change in the composition and volume fraction of the constituent materials. FGMs possess a position-dependent microstructure, chemical composition, or atomic order, resulting in a continuous variation of material properties such as mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties.This unique characteristic has garnered significant attention from researchers across various fields, including aerospace, biomaterials, and engineering, over the past few decades