لخّصلي

Note-taking Note-taking (sometimes written as notetaking or note taking) is the practice of recording information captured from President Jimmy Carter's Notes from his private meeting with Pope John Paul II, October 6, 1979.Current research shows that students who use the SQ3R strategy retain more information and achieve higher test scores.[30] Guided notes Sometimes lecturers may provide handouts of guided notes, which provide a "map" of the lecture content with key points or ideas missing. Students then fill in missing items as the lecture progresses. Guided notes may assist students in following lectures and identifying the most important ideas from a lecture. This format provides students with a framework, yet requires active listening (as opposed to providing copies of power point slides in their entirety), and promotes active engagement during lecture or independent reading, provide full and accurate notes for use as a study guide, helping the student to identify the most important information covered. Research suggests that guided notes improve student recording of critical points in lecture, as well as quiz scores on related content. In addition, an investigation carried out on students with learning problems showed that the use of the guided notes is an effective strategy to improve the performance of these students.[31] The growing ubiquity of laptops in universities and colleges has led to a rise in electronic note-taking. Many students write their notes in word processors or prepare digital hand-written notes using a graphics tablet or tablet computer and styli or digital pens, with the aid of notetaking software. Online applications are receiving growing attention from students who can forward notes using email, or otherwise make use of collaborative features in these applications and can also download the texts as a file (txt, rtf...) in a local Electronic note-taking methods computer. It has also become common for lecturers to deliver lectures using these and similar technologies, including electronic whiteboards, especially at institutes of technology. Online note-taking has created problems for teachers who must balance educational freedom with copyright and intellectual property concerns regarding course content.[32] Electronic note-taking has shown ineffectiveness when compared to traditional methods of note-taking. A study done by Pam A. Mueller of Princeton University and Daniel M. Oppenheimer of the University of California have shown that students who take notes digitally against students who take notes on paper retain less information and have difficulties remembering what they've typed down.[33] Electronic note-taking has created computer-aided distractions in class as multitasking on laptops is very easy to accomplish.[34] However these researches are only about typing notes on laptops, not writing on tablets. Laptops are usually a controlled device in classrooms and students may or not be able to take notes on their digital devices when required.[35] The Cornell Method is a systematical structure that help organize your notes, actively involve you in the creation of knowledge, improve your study expertness, and lead to academic success. The Cornell method of taking notes was developed by Dr. Walter Pauk Cornell Method Cornell Method "One of the most influential method of developmental education and study skills" of Cornell University in 1940's.In the Renaissance and early modern period, students learned to take notes in schools, academies and universities, oftentimes producing beautiful volumes that served as reference works after they finished their studies.[2][3] In predigital times there were many kinds of notebooks used by adults, some of which included accounting waste books, marginalia, and commonplace books.[4] Philosopher John Locke developed an indexing system[5] which served as a model for commonplace books; for example, it inspired another book, Bell's Common-Place Book, Formed generally upon the Principles Recommended and Practised by Mr Locke nearly a century later.[6] Note-taking is a central aspect of a complex human behavior related to information management involving a range of underlying mental processes and their interactions with other cognitive functions.[7] The person taking notes must acquire and filter the incoming sources, organize and restructure existing knowledge structures, comprehend and write down their explanation of the information, and Cognitive psychology ultimately store and integrate the freshly processed material.The result is a knowledge representation, and a memory storage.[1] Studies comparing the performance of students who took handwritten notes to students who typed their notes found that students who took handwritten notes performed better on examinations, hypothetically due to the deeper processing of learned material through selective rephrasing instead of word-for-word transcription which is common when typing notes.[8] Systems Many different formats are used to structure information and make it easier to find and to understand, later. The average rate of speech is 2- 3 words per second, but the average handwriting speed as only 0.2-0.3 words per second.[7] Regardless of the medium (paper, computer), note-taking can be broadly divided into linear and nonlinear methods, which can be combined.Practice in notetaking may lead to great skills in it that may also lead to success in the future.[9] In some contexts, such as college lectures, the main purpose of taking notes may be to implant the material in the mind; the written notes themselves being of secondary importance.Notes and thoughts are organised in a structured, logical manner, reducing the time needed to edit and review, allowing a lot of information to be digested in a short period of time.A common system consists of headings that use Roman numerals, letters of the alphabet, and Arabic numerals at different levels.By taking notes, the writer records the essence of the information, freeing their mind from having to recall everything.[1] Notes are commonly drawn from a transient source, such as an oral discussion at a meeting, or a lecture (notes of a meeting are usually called minutes), in which case the notes may be the only record of the event.In the digital age, computers, tablet PCs and personal digital assistants (PDAs) are common.The note taker typically is under severe time pressure, and different note-taking styles and techniques try to make the best use of time.Adaptive systems are used for paper-and-pen insertions, such as using the reverse side of the preceding page in a spiral notebook to make insertions.The format of the initial record may often be informal and/or unstructured.Historically, note-taking was an analog process, written in notebooks, or other paper methods like Post-It notes.However, the human brain is thought to be multidimensional: the more connections one makes to current knowledge, the greater the likelihood of understanding, remembering and applying the information.Outlining is less effective for classes that involve many formulas and graphs, like mathematics or chemistry.Or one can simply leave large spaces in between items, to enable more material to be inserted.The Ancient Greeks History developed hypomnema, personal records on important subjects.Outlines tend to proceed down a page, using headings and bullets to structure information.Detail B. Subtopic 1.

Note-taking
Note-taking (sometimes written as
notetaking or note taking) is the practice
of recording information captured from
President Jimmy Carter’s Notes from his private
meeting with Pope John Paul II, October 6, 1979.
another source. By taking notes, the
writer records the essence of the
information, freeing their mind from
having to recall everything.[1] Notes are
commonly drawn from a transient
source, such as an oral discussion at a
meeting, or a lecture (notes of a meeting
are usually called minutes), in which case
the notes may be the only record of the
event. Note taking is a form of self
discipline.
Note-taking has been an important part
of human history and scientific
development. The Ancient Greeks
History
developed hypomnema, personal records
on important subjects. In the
Renaissance and early modern period,
students learned to take notes in
schools, academies and universities,
oftentimes producing beautiful volumes
that served as reference works after they
finished their studies.[2][3] In predigital
times there were many kinds of
notebooks used by adults, some of which
included accounting waste books,
marginalia, and commonplace books.[4]
Philosopher John Locke developed an
indexing system[5] which served as a
model for commonplace books; for
example, it inspired another book, Bell’s
Common-Place Book, Formed generally
upon the Principles Recommended and
Practised by Mr Locke nearly a century
later.[6]
Note-taking is a central aspect of a
complex human behavior related to
information management involving a
range of underlying mental processes
and their interactions with other cognitive
functions.[7] The person taking notes
must acquire and filter the incoming
sources, organize and restructure
existing knowledge structures,
comprehend and write down their
explanation of the information, and
Cognitive psychology
ultimately store and integrate the freshly
processed material. The result is a
knowledge representation, and a memory
storage.[1] Studies comparing the
performance of students who took
handwritten notes to students who typed
their notes found that students who took
handwritten notes performed better on
examinations, hypothetically due to the
deeper processing of learned material
through selective rephrasing instead of
word-for-word transcription which is
common when typing notes.[8]
Systems
Many different formats are used to
structure information and make it easier
to find and to understand, later. The
format of the initial record may often be
informal and/or unstructured. One
common format for such notes is
shorthand, which can allow large
amounts of information to be put on
paper very quickly. Note-taking is an
important skill for students, especially at
the college level. Many students gain
skills as they go through High School and
most grasp onto the best and easiest
note-taking techniques. Practice in notetaking
may lead to great skills in it that
may also lead to success in the future.[9]
In some contexts, such as college
lectures, the main purpose of taking
notes may be to implant the material in
the mind; the written notes themselves
being of secondary importance.
Historically, note-taking was an analog
process, written in notebooks, or other
paper methods like Post-It notes. In the
digital age, computers, tablet PCs and
personal digital assistants (PDAs) are
common.
Note-taking is a race against time. The
note taker typically is under severe time
pressure, and different note-taking styles
and techniques try to make the best use
of time. The average rate of speech is 2–
3 words per second, but the average
handwriting speed as only 0.2–0.3 words
per second.[7]
Regardless of the medium (paper,
computer), note-taking can be broadly
divided into linear and nonlinear
methods, which can be combined.
People tend to write down the most
important information to prevent losing
time and be ready to note subsequent
information provided.
It's also always important to go over the
notes you write down on a loop to easily
remember any of the information you
went over.
Linear note-taking is the process of
writing down information in the order in
which you receive it. Paper is itself twodimensional
so linear notes follow the
natural succession of time 1,2, and so on,
beginning, middle and end. However, the
human brain is thought to be multidimensional:
the more connections one
makes to current knowledge, the greater
the likelihood of understanding,
remembering and applying the
information.
Outlining
Linear note-taking
Outlining [10] is one of the most common
but still one of the best note-taking
systems. Notes and thoughts are
organised in a structured, logical manner,
reducing the time needed to edit and
review, allowing a lot of information to be
digested in a short period of time.
Outlining is less effective for classes that
involve many formulas and graphs, like
mathematics or chemistry. In these
situations, a system such as Cornell
notes[11] may be superior.
Outlines tend to proceed down a page,
using headings and bullets to structure
information. A common system consists
of headings that use Roman numerals,
letters of the alphabet, and Arabic
numerals at different levels. A typical
structure would be:
I. First main topic
A. Subtopic

1. Detail


2. Detail


3. Detail
   B. Subtopic


4. Detail


5. Detail


6. Detail
   II. Second main topic
   A. Subtopic


7. Detail


8. Detail


9. Detail
   B. Subtopic


10. Detail


11. Detail


12. Detail
    However, this sort of structure has
    limitations in written form since it is
    difficult to go back and insert more
    information. Adaptive systems are used
    for paper-and-pen insertions, such as
    using the reverse side of the preceding
    page in a spiral notebook to make
    insertions. Or one can simply leave large
    spaces in between items, to enable more
    material to be inserted. The above
    method is effective for most people, but
    you can be creative in making your own
    method. (See Category: Outliners for
    more about application software that
    supports outlining).
    However, computerized note-taking,
    whether with a word processor, an
    outliner like Workflowy, or a digital
    notebook program such as OneNote,
    Evernote or TiddlyWiki, provides the
    opportunity to revise easily and add more
    entries or rows to the outline.
    Non-linear note-taking involves using
    mind maps and spidergrams that start
    Non-linear note-taking
    with notes in the middle of a page,
    commonly in an oval representing the
    topic. Non-linear note taking may require
    additional sheets of paper extending the
    notes at the top, bottom or sides, giving
    an holistic overview of the information.
    The many types of non-linear note-taking
    include clustering,[12] concept
    mapping,[13][14] the Cornell system,[15]
    idea mapping,[16] instant replays,[17]
    Ishikawa diagrams,[18] knowledge
    maps,[19] learning maps,[20] mind
    mapping,[21] model maps,[22] the pyramid
    principle,[23] semantic networks,[24] and
    SmartWisdom.[25]
    Charting
    This method of note taking is useful for
    subject matter that can be broken into
    categories, such as similarities,
    differences, date, event, impact, etc.
    Charting works best if students are able
    to identify categories and draw a table
    prior to the lecture. This method is also
    useful as an editing tool. Students may
    review and rewrite notes using the
    charting method. The method may work
    well for students who like to organize
    information neatly and who learn by
    recognizing patterns.[26]
    Mapping
    Mapping is one of the many forms of
    note-taking that employs geographic
    organizers and diagrams to assemble
    information. This specific method
    encourages students to continually
    practice and also to create flash cards
    because mapping method doesn't come
    naturally to everyone in the beginning, so
    A mind map connects ideas together visually
    practice is essential. Here, ideas are
    written in a tree structure, with lines
    connecting them together. Mind maps,
    also referred to as brain-storming are
    commonly drawn from a central point,
    purpose or goal in the center of the page
    and then branching outward to identify all
    the ideas connected to that goal. Colors,
    small graphics and symbols are often
    used to help to visualize the information
    more easily. This note-taking method is
    most common among visual learners
    and is a core practice of many
    accelerated learning techniques. It is also
    used for planning and writing essays.
    This method are also for people that
    have a visual mindset when they take
    notes better on drawing pictures with
    different shapes and diagrams. Those
    who feel comfortable using this method
    tend to use a lot of colors in their
    diagrams to make them focused and
    concentrated in what they are writing. For
    instance, many who use this method
    might feel more focused when their
    teacher or professor who use a lot of
    colors in their power point slides since,
    the person themselves might like to use
    colors and use different colors to
    categorize different kinds of
    information.[27]
    Sentence method
    Sentence note taking is simply writing
    down each topic as a short, simple
    sentence. This method works well for
    fast paced lesson where a lot of
    information is being covered. Everyone
    should record every new thought, fact or
    topic on a separate line. All information
    is recorded but is not organized into
    major and minor topics. Every new
    thought is written as a new line. Speed is
    essential, because not much thought
    about formatting is needed to create
    space for more notes. Notes can be
    numbered or set off with bullets showing
    where a new thought begins. This
    strategy is especially helpful when a
    professor or teacher asks to read the
    notes. It also saves the time required to
    formulate and write long, complex
    sentences.
    SQ3R
    SQ3R is a method of taking notes from
    written material, though it might be better
    classed as a method of reading and
    gaining understanding. Material is
    skimmed to produce a list of headings,
    that are then converted into questions.
    These questions are then considered
    whilst the text is read to provide
    motivation for what is being covered.
    Notes are written under sections headed
    by the questions as each of the
    material's sections is read. One then
    makes a summary from memory, and
    reviews the notes. (SQ3R—Survey,
    Question, Read, Recite, Review.).
    However, there is another updated
    version called SQ4R,[28] which has been
    used by students since the early 60's. It's
    probably worth your time to try the steps
    first, then choose and apply only those
    that really work effectively. It provides a
    systematic way of comprehending and
    studying the content that is being
    spoken. Now students are able to
    monitor their own comprehension[29]
    through review. Current research shows
    that students who use the SQ3R strategy
    retain more information and achieve
    higher test scores.[30]
    Guided notes
    Sometimes lecturers may provide
    handouts of guided notes, which provide
    a "map" of the lecture content with key
    points or ideas missing. Students then fill
    in missing items as the lecture
    progresses. Guided notes may assist
    students in following lectures and
    identifying the most important ideas
    from a lecture. This format provides
    students with a framework, yet requires
    active listening (as opposed to providing
    copies of power point slides in their
    entirety), and promotes active
    engagement during lecture or
    independent reading, provide full and
    accurate notes for use as a study guide,
    helping the student to identify the most
    important information covered. Research
    suggests that guided notes improve
    student recording of critical points in
    lecture, as well as quiz scores on related
    content. In addition, an investigation
    carried out on students with learning
    problems showed that the use of the
    guided notes is an effective strategy to
    improve the performance of these
    students.[31]
    The growing ubiquity of laptops in
    universities and colleges has led to a rise
    in electronic note-taking. Many students
    write their notes in word processors or
    prepare digital hand-written notes using a
    graphics tablet or tablet computer and
    styli or digital pens, with the aid of notetaking
    software. Online applications are
    receiving growing attention from
    students who can forward notes using
    email, or otherwise make use of
    collaborative features in these
    applications and can also download the
    texts as a file (txt, rtf...) in a local
    Electronic note-taking
    methods
    computer. It has also become common
    for lecturers to deliver lectures using
    these and similar technologies, including
    electronic whiteboards, especially at
    institutes of technology.
    Online note-taking has created problems
    for teachers who must balance
    educational freedom with copyright and
    intellectual property concerns regarding
    course content.[32]
    Electronic note-taking has shown
    ineffectiveness when compared to
    traditional methods of note-taking. A
    study done by Pam A. Mueller of
    Princeton University and Daniel M.
    Oppenheimer of the University of
    California have shown that students who
    take notes digitally against students who
    take notes on paper retain less
    information and have difficulties
    remembering what they've typed
    down.[33] Electronic note-taking has
    created computer-aided distractions in
    class as multitasking on laptops is very
    easy to accomplish.[34] However these
    researches are only about typing notes
    on laptops, not writing on tablets.
    Laptops are usually a controlled device in
    classrooms and students may or not be
    able to take notes on their digital devices
    when required.[35]
    The Cornell Method is a systematical
    structure that help organize your notes,
    actively involve you in the creation of
    knowledge, improve your study
    expertness, and lead to academic
    success. The Cornell method of taking
    notes was developed by Dr. Walter Pauk
    Cornell Method
    Cornell Method "One of the most influential method
    of developmental education and study skills"
    of Cornell University in 1940's. This
    effective system for taking notes was
    made prestigious by Pauk's best selling
    book How To Study In College and is
    commonly used at many universities
    today. The Cornell method consists of
    dividing a single page into three sections:
    Notes, Cues and a Summary, its own
    system is characterized by a right hand
    column for notes, a left hand column for
    provoking key words or some type of
    questions that might help remember key
    aspects of the topic. Cornell Method also
    help students worldwide combat the
    effects of forgetting, which can be
    instantaneous and complete. It is
    recommended to read the notes at least
    Handwriting recognition
    Handwritten Notes
    Forgetting Curve
    4 Ways a Notetaker Takes Better
    Notes