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the and molecules.Indeed, comparative physiology may deal with all degrees of reductionism, from molecule to whole organism.Although one can divide physiol- ogy according to varying degrees of reductionism, it is also possible to define a branch of physiology--for example, com- parative physiology--that focuses on differences and similari- ties among different species.Although physiology is not primarily concerned with structure--as is the case for anatomy, histology, and structural biology-- structure and function are inextricably linked because the living structures perform the functions.For many practicing clinicians, physiology may be the function of an individual organ system, such as the cardiovascular, respiratory, or gastroin- testinal system.For centuries, the discipline of physiol- ogy has been closely intertwined with medicine.Physiology is the mother of several

biological sci

the and molecules. For centuries, the discipline of physiol- ogy has been closely intertwined with medicine. Although physiology is not primarily concerned with structure—as is the case for anatomy, histology, and structural biology— structure and function are inextricably linked because the living structures perform the functions.
For some, physiology is the function of the whole person (e.g., exercise physiology). For many practicing clinicians, physiology may be the function of an individual organ system, such as the cardiovascular, respiratory, or gastroin- testinal system. For still others, physiology may focus on the cellular principles that are common to the function of all organs and tissues. This last field has traditionally been called general physiology, a term that is now supplanted by cellular and molecular physiology. Although one can divide physiol- ogy according to varying degrees of reductionism, it is also possible to define a branch of physiology—for example, com- parative physiology—that focuses on differences and similari- ties among different species. Indeed, comparative physiology may deal with all degrees of reductionism, from molecule to whole organism. In a similar way, medical physiology deals with how the human body functions, which depends on how the individual organ systems function, which depends on how the component cells function, which in turn depends on the interactions among subcellular organelles and count- less molecules. Thus, medical physiology takes a global view of the human body; but in doing so, it requires an integrated understanding of events at the level of molecules, cells, and organs.
Physiology is the mother of several

biological sci