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1.1Organization and Architecture Computer architecture refers to those attributes of a system visible to a programmer or, put another way, those attributes that have a direct impact on the logical execution of a program.Function: The operation of each individual component as part of the structure.The ISA defines instruction formats, instruction opcodes, registers, instruction and data memory; the effect of executed instructions on the registers and memory; and an algorithm for controlling instruction execution.Examples of architectural attributes include the instruction set, the number of bits used to represent various data types (e.g., numbers, characters), I/O mechanisms, and techniques for addressing memory.Data processing 2.Data movement.Data storage 3.4.Control

1.1Organization and Architecture
Computer architecture refers to those attributes of a system visible to a programmer or, put
another way, those attributes that have a direct impact on the logical execution of a program.
A term that is often used interchangeably with computer architecture is instruction set
architecture (ISA) . The ISA defines instruction formats, instruction opcodes, registers,
instruction and data memory; the effect of executed instructions on the registers and memory;
and an algorithm for controlling instruction execution.
Computer organization refers to the operational units and their interconnections that realize
the architectural specifications. Examples of architectural attributes include the instruction set,
the number of bits used to represent various data types (e.g., numbers, characters), I/O
mechanisms, and techniques for addressing memory.
1.2 Structure and Function
A hierarchical system is a set of interrelated subsystems; each subsystem may, in turn, contain
lower level subsystems, until we reach some lowest level of elementary subsystem. At each
level, the system consists of a set of components and their interrelationships. At each level,
the designer is concerned with structure and function:
Structure: The way in which the components are interrelated.
Function: The operation of each individual component as part of the structure.
Function
Both the structure and functioning of a computer are, in essence, simple. In general terms,
there are only four basic functions that a computer can perform:

1. Data processing


2. Data storage


3. Data movement.


4. Control