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Information - A Key Resource oFuels business and can be the critical factor in determining the success or failure of a business oNeeds to be managed correctly oManaging computer-generated information differs from handling manually produced data Copyright (C) 2019, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved Developing and Documenting Software oActivity:-System analyst works with programmers to develop any original software-Works with users to develop effective documentation-Coders design, code, and remove syntactical errors from computer programs-Document software with procedure manuals, online help, Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) and Read Me files oOutput:-Computer programs-System documentation Copyright (C) 2019, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved Identifying Problems, Opportunities, and Objectives oActivity:-Interviewing user management-Summarizing the knowledge obtained-Estimating the scope of the project-Documenting the results oOutput: -Feasibility report containing problem definition and objective summaries from which management can make a decision on whether to proceed with the proposed project Copyright (C) 2019, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved Need for Systems Analysis and Design oInstalling a system without proper planning leads to great user dissatisfaction and frequently causes the system to fall into disuse oSystems analysis and design lends structure to the analysis and design of information systems oUser involvement throughout a systems project is critical to the successful development of computerized systems Copyright (C) 2019, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved The Impact of Maintenance oMaintenance is performed for two reasons -Remove software errors, and-Enhance existing software oEnhance software for three reasons-Include additional features-Address business changes over time-Address hardware and software changes Copyright (C) 2019, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved Determining Human Information Requirements oActivity:-Interviewing-Sampling and investing hard data-Questionnaires-Observe the decision maker's behavior and environment-Prototyping-Learn the who, what, where, when, how, and why of the current system -who (the people who are involved), what (the business activity), where (the environment in which the work takes place), when (the timing), and how (how the current procedures are performed) of the business under study.All Rights Reserved Determining Human Information Requirements oOutput:-Analyst understands how users accomplish their work when interacting with a computer-Begin to know how to make the new system more useful and usable-The analyst should also know the business functions- Have complete information on the people, goals, data and procedure involved Copyright (C) 2019, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved Need for Systems Analysis and Design Systems analysis and design, as performed by systems analysts, is used to understand what people need to be able to systematically analyze data input or data flow, process or transform data, store data, and output information in the context of a particular organization or enterprise.All Rights Reserved Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) oThe systems development life cycle is a phased approach to solving business problems oDeveloped through the use of a specific cycle of analyst and user activities oEach phase has unique user activities Copyright (C) 2019, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved Designing the Recommended System oActivity:-Design procedures to accurately enter data-Design the human-computer interface (HCI)-Design files and/or database-Design backup procedures oOutput-Model of the actual system Copyright (C) 2019, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved Roles of the Systems Analyst oThe analyst must be able to work with people of all descriptions and be experienced in working with computers oThree primary roles:-Consultant-Supporting Expert-Agent of change Copyright (C) 2019, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved Qualities of the Systems Analyst oProblem solver oCommunicator oStrong personal and professional ethics oSelf-disciplined and self-motivated Copyright (C) 2019, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved Analyzing System Needs oActivity:-Create data flow diagrams -Complete the data dictionary-Analyze the structured decisions made-Prepare and present the system proposal oOutput: -Recommendation on what, if anything, should be done Copyright (C) 2019, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved Implementing and Evaluating the System oActivity:-Train users-Plans the conversion from old system to new system-Review and evaluate system oOutput:-Trained personnel-Installed system Copyright (C) 2019, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Furthermore, systems analysis and design is used to analyze, design, and implement improvements to the computerized information systems that support users and the functions of businesses.As an outside consultant, you will rely heavily on the systematic methods discussed throughout this text to analyze and design appropriate information systems for users working in a particular business.All Rights Reserved Testing and Maintaining the System oActivity:-Test the information system-System maintenance -Maintenance documentation oOutput:-Problems, if any-Updated programs-Documentation Copyright (C) 2019, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.As the supporting expert, you are not managing the project; you are merely serving as a resource for those who are managing it. If you are a systems analyst employed by a manufacturing or service organization, many of your daily activities may be encompassed by this role.All Rights Reserved Consultant A systems analyst frequently acts as a systems consultant to humans and their businesses and, thus, may be hired specifically to address information systems issues within a business.In this role, an analyst draws on professional expertise concerning computer hardware and software and their uses in the business.As an analyst, you are an agent of change whenever you perform any of the activities in the systems development life cycle (discussed in the next section) and are present and interacting with users and the business for an extended period (from two weeks to more than a year).All Rights Reserved Figure 1.1 The Seven Phases of the Systems Development Life Cycle Copyright (C) 2019, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved Supporting Expert Another role that you may be required to play is that of supporting expert within a business for which you are regularly employed in some systems capacity.All Rights Reserved Maintenance Impact oOver time the cost of continued maintenance will be greater than that of creating an entirely new system oAt that point it becomes more feasible to perform a new systems studySystems analysts seek to identify and solve the right problems by performing a thorough analysis of the client's system.It also means that outside analysts are at a disadvantage because an outsider can never know the true organization culture.In addition, you will rely on information systems users to help you understand the organizational culture from others' viewpoints.All Rights Reserved Agent of change The most comprehensive and responsible role that the systems analyst takes on is that of an agent of change, whether internal or external to the business.Copyright (C) 2019, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Such hiring can be an advantage because outside consultants bring with them a fresh perspective that people in an organization do not possess.Copyright (C) 2019, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Copyright (C) 2019, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Hence, you must interact with users and management (if they are not one and the same) from the very beginning of your project.Without their help, you cannot understand what they need to support their work in the organization, and real change cannot take place Copyright (C) 2019, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Copyright (C) 2019, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Your presence in the business changes it. As a systems analyst, you must recognize this fact and use it as a starting point for your analysis.

Information – A Key Resource
•Fuels business and can be the critical factor in
determining the success or failure of a business
•Needs to be managed correctly
•Managing computer-generated information
differs from handling manually produced data
Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Need for Systems Analysis and
Design
Systems analysis and design, as performed by systems
analysts, is used to understand what people need to be
able to systematically analyze data input or data flow,
process or transform data, store data, and output
information in the context of a particular organization or
enterprise. Systems analysts seek to identify and solve
the right problems by performing a thorough analysis of
the client’s system. Furthermore, systems analysis and
design is used to analyze, design, and implement
improvements to the computerized information systems
that support users and the functions of businesses.
Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Need for Systems Analysis and
Design
•Installing a system without proper planning leads
to great user dissatisfaction and frequently
causes the system to fall into disuse
•Systems analysis and design lends structure to
the analysis and design of information systems
•User involvement throughout a systems project is
critical to the successful development of
computerized systems
Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Roles of the Systems Analyst
•The analyst must be able to work with people of
all descriptions and be experienced in working
with computers
•Three primary roles:–Consultant–Supporting Expert–Agent of change
Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Consultant
A systems analyst frequently acts as a systems consultant to
humans and their businesses and, thus, may be hired
specifically to address information systems issues within a
business. Such hiring can be an advantage because outside
consultants bring with them a fresh perspective that people
in an organization do not possess. It also means that outside
analysts are at a disadvantage because an outsider can
never know the true organization culture. As an outside
consultant, you will rely heavily on the systematic methods
discussed throughout this text to analyze and design
appropriate information systems for users working in a
particular business. In addition, you will rely on information
systems users to help you understand the organizational
culture from others’ viewpoints.
Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Supporting Expert
Another role that you may be required to play is that of
supporting expert within a business for which you are
regularly employed in some systems capacity. In this role,
an analyst draws on professional expertise concerning
computer hardware and software and their uses in the
business. As the supporting expert, you are not managing
the project; you are merely serving as a resource for those
who are managing it. If you are a systems analyst
employed by a manufacturing or service organization,
many of your daily activities may be encompassed by this
role.
Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Agent of change
The most comprehensive and responsible role that the
systems analyst takes on is that of an agent of change,
whether internal or external to the business. As an analyst,
you are an agent of change whenever you perform any of
the activities in the systems development life cycle
(discussed in the next section) and are present and
interacting with users and the business for an extended
period (from two weeks to more than a year). Your presence
in the business changes it. As a systems analyst, you must
recognize this fact and use it as a starting point for your
analysis. Hence, you must interact with users and
management (if they are not one and the same) from the
very beginning of your project. Without their help, you
cannot understand what they need to support their work in
the organization, and real change cannot take place
Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Qualities of the Systems Analyst
•Problem solver
•Communicator
•Strong personal and professional ethics
•Self-disciplined and self-motivated
Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Systems Development Life Cycle
(SDLC)
•The systems development life cycle is a phased
approach to solving business problems
•Developed through the use of a specific cycle of
analyst and user activities
•Each phase has unique user activities
Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Figure 1.1 The Seven Phases of the Systems
Development Life Cycle
Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Identifying Problems,
Opportunities, and Objectives
•Activity:–Interviewing user management–Summarizing the knowledge obtained–Estimating the scope of the project–Documenting the results
•Output: –Feasibility report containing problem definition and
objective summaries from which management can
make a decision on whether to proceed with the
proposed project
Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Determining Human Information
Requirements
•Activity:–Interviewing–Sampling and investing hard data–Questionnaires–Observe the decision maker’s behavior and
environment–Prototyping–Learn the who, what, where, when, how, and why of
the current system –who (the people who are involved), what (the
business activity), where (the environment in which
the work takes place), when (the timing), and how
(how the current procedures are performed) of the
business under study.
Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Determining Human Information
Requirements
•Output:–Analyst understands how users accomplish their work
when interacting with a computer–Begin to know how to make the new system more
useful and usable–The analyst should also know the business functions– Have complete information on the people, goals,
data and procedure involved
Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Analyzing System Needs
•Activity:–Create data flow diagrams –Complete the data dictionary–Analyze the structured decisions made–Prepare and present the system proposal
•Output: –Recommendation on what, if anything, should be
done
Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Designing the Recommended
System
•Activity:–Design procedures to accurately enter data–Design the human–computer interface (HCI)–Design files and/or database–Design backup procedures
•Output–Model of the actual system
Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Developing and Documenting
Software
•Activity:–System analyst works with programmers to develop
any original software–Works with users to develop effective documentation–Coders design, code, and remove syntactical errors
from computer programs–Document software with procedure manuals, online
help, Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) and Read
Me files
•Output:–Computer programs–System documentation
Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Testing and Maintaining the
System
•Activity:–Test the information system–System maintenance –Maintenance documentation
•Output:–Problems, if any–Updated programs–Documentation
Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Implementing and Evaluating the
System
•Activity:–Train users–Plans the conversion from old system to new system–Review and evaluate system
•Output:–Trained personnel–Installed system
Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
The Impact of Maintenance
•Maintenance is performed for two reasons –Remove software errors, and–Enhance existing software
•Enhance software for three reasons–Include additional features–Address business changes over time–Address hardware and software changes
Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Maintenance Impact
•Over time the cost of continued maintenance will
be greater than that of creating an entirely new
system
•At that point it becomes more feasible to perform
a new systems study