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Lecture Title: Late Adulthood and Death in the Life Span Developmental Process

?VI. Counseling and Support in Late Adulthood

(Capuzzi & Stauffer, 2016) o Counselors and healthcare providers must offer: o Emotional support and grief counseling o Life review therapy o Assistance with end-of-life planning (e.g., advanced directives) o Multidisciplinary approach is key: physical, emotional, spiritual, and social support.II. Physical Development in Late Adulthood

(Capuzzi & Stauffer, 2016) o Gradual decline in body systems (cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, respiratory).IV. Psychosocial Development

Erikson's Stage: Integrity vs. Despair (Capuzzi & Stauffer, 2016) o Adults reflect on life's meaning and accomplishments.o Unlike pediatric stages (Kyle & Carman, 2013; Wong's, 2016), where physical development is rapid, aging is marked by degeneration rather than growth.Comparison: In pediatric stages (Kyle & Carman, 2013; Wong's, 2016), psychosocial development focuses on identity formation and autonomy.Pediatric vs. Geriatric Perspective

(Kyle & Carman, 2013; Wong's, 2016) o Pediatric care focuses on developmental potential and prevention.Cognitive Changes

(Capuzzi & Stauffer, 2016) o Some memory decline (episodic memory, processing speed), but crystallized intelligence often remains strong.o Sleep disturbances, slower metabolism, and decreased immune function.III.Bargaining 4.??????

Lecture Title: Late Adulthood and Death in the Life Span Developmental Process

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I. Introduction
• Human development spans from birth to death, and late adulthood (age 65+) is the final stage.
• This stage includes physical decline, cognitive changes, psychosocial adjustment, and preparation for end-of-life.
• Understanding this stage allows professionals to provide compassionate, holistic care.

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II. Physical Development in Late Adulthood

(Capuzzi & Stauffer, 2016)
• Gradual decline in body systems (cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, respiratory).
• Common health issues: arthritis, osteoporosis, sensory loss, chronic conditions.
• Sleep disturbances, slower metabolism, and decreased immune function.
• Unlike pediatric stages (Kyle & Carman, 2013; Wong’s, 2016), where physical development is rapid, aging is marked by degeneration rather than growth.

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III. Cognitive Changes

(Capuzzi & Stauffer, 2016)
• Some memory decline (episodic memory, processing speed), but crystallized intelligence often remains strong.
• Dementias such as Alzheimer’s may occur but are not a normal part of aging.
• Cognitive health benefits from social interaction, physical activity, and mental stimulation.

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IV. Psychosocial Development

Erikson’s Stage: Integrity vs. Despair
(Capuzzi & Stauffer, 2016)
• Adults reflect on life’s meaning and accomplishments.
• Integrity: Sense of fulfillment and peace.
• Despair: Regret, bitterness, fear of death.
• Important roles of family, spiritual beliefs, community support, and life review.

Comparison: In pediatric stages (Kyle & Carman, 2013; Wong’s, 2016), psychosocial development focuses on identity formation and autonomy. In late adulthood, the focus is on reconciliation and closure.

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V. Death and Dying

(Capuzzi & Stauffer, 2016)
• Understanding and accepting mortality becomes central.
• Elisabeth Kübler-Ross’s Five Stages of Grief:

1. Denial


2. Anger


3. Bargaining


4. Depression


5. Acceptance
   • Death may be anticipated (chronic illness) or sudden, and cultural/spiritual views shape the experience.
   • Palliative care and hospice emphasize dignity, comfort, and family inclusion.

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VI. Counseling and Support in Late Adulthood

(Capuzzi & Stauffer, 2016)
• Counselors and healthcare providers must offer:
• Emotional support and grief counseling
• Life review therapy
• Assistance with end-of-life planning (e.g., advanced directives)
• Multidisciplinary approach is key: physical, emotional, spiritual, and social support.

⸻

VII. Pediatric vs. Geriatric Perspective

(Kyle & Carman, 2013; Wong’s, 2016)
• Pediatric care focuses on developmental potential and prevention.
• Geriatric care focuses on maintenance, adaptation, and dignity.
• Both require family-centered care, but for different reasons (supporting growth vs. supporting closure).