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What are your rights to privacy in the IoT?Many systems can be used for both good and ill: Video surveillance may be tremendously helpful in allowing senior citizens stay in their homes longer and parents to monitor their newborns; they can also expose private behavior to unscrupulous viewers and unwanted intrusion.Some have suggested that individuals should have a basic right to opt out, delete, or mask their information from systems in the IoT, providing one tenet of a potential IoT "Bill of Rights." However, it may be infeasible or impossible for an individual to control all the data generated about them by IoT systems. Interestingly, strong individual privacy rights may also mean less social benefit. Too many "opt-outs" may erode the public and private value of IoT datasets,3 negatively impacting their social benefit--imagine a Google map where locations come and go. The complexity of providing useful services subject to dynamic participation and evolving individual preferences may be extraordinarily complex to develop and administer.Will we need to develop and incorporate "artificial ethics" into automated systems to help them respond in environments when there are good and bad choices? If so, whose ethics should be applied? Toward a Framework for Thinking About Principles and Policy for the IoT What might a general IoT governance model look like? In 2008, the Forum for a New World Governance developed the "World Governance Index" (WGI) focusing on peace and security, democracy and the rule of law, human rights, development and participation, and sustainability.As IoT technologies become more pervasive, personal information will become more valuable to a diverse set of actors that include organizations, individuals, and autonomous systems with the capacity to make decisions about you.Sustainable development of the IoT as part of a larger societal and technological ecosystem, including its impact on biological systems (for example, 3D-printed organs, implants), environmental systems, and natural resources).The first step is to pursue the discussions, studies, task forces, commissions, and pilots that will help develop governance for an empowering and enabling IoT.Policy for IoT safety, security and privacy, requiring the development of viable approaches promoting individual rights, data security, and trust, as well as disincentives and penalties for inappropriate behavior, corruption, and crime.In his highly popular and visionary books, Isaac Asimov posited four laws of robotics1,2 on the basic theme that robots may not harm humans (or humanity), or, by inaction, allow humans (humanity) to come to harm.The IoT will sharpen the tension between individual privacy and the use of personal information to promote effectiveness, safety, and security.2.3.???

What are your rights to privacy in
the IoT? The IoT will sharpen the tension between individual privacy and
the use of personal information to promote effectiveness, safety, and security. Who should control information
about you? Who should access it? Who
can use it? The answer is not always
clear-cut. Consider medical monitoring devices and the information they
accumulate. Should your personal
health information be shared when
the Centers for Disease Control want to
track a potential epidemic? When biomedical researchers want to model potential treatment strategies on a richer
dataset? When an employer is considering you for a job?
At present, policy and laws about
online privacy and rights to information are challenging to interpret and
difficult to enforce. As IoT technologies become more pervasive, personal
information will become more valuable to a diverse set of actors that include organizations, individuals, and
autonomous systems with the capacity to make decisions about you.
Some have suggested that individuals should have a basic right to opt
out, delete, or mask their information
from systems in the IoT, providing
one tenet of a potential IoT “Bill of
Rights.” However, it may be infeasible
or impossible for an individual to control all the data generated about them
by IoT systems.
Interestingly, strong individual
privacy rights may also mean less social benefit. Too many “opt-outs” may
erode the public and private value of
IoT datasets,3
negatively impacting
their social benefit—imagine a Google
map where locations come and go.
The complexity of providing useful
services subject to dynamic participation and evolving individual preferences may be extraordinarily complex
to develop and administer.
2. Who is accountable for decisions made by autonomous systems?
As autonomous systems replace some
human activities, we face the challenge of when and how these systems
should be deployed, and who is responsible and accountable for their
behavior. When your “smart” systemfails, is hacked, or acts with negative
or unintended consequences, who is
accountable, how, and to whom?
A high-profile example of this is
autonomous vehicles, which make
many decisions without “a human in
the loop.” We currently expect automobile companies to be accountable
if automotive systems, such as antilock brakes, fail. As cars begin to drive
themselves, who should be responsible for accidents? As systems take
on more decisions previously made by
humans, it will be increasingly challenging to create a framework for responsibility and accountability.
3. How do we promote the ethical
use of IoT technologies? Technologies
have no ethics. Many systems can be
used for both good and ill: Video surveillance may be tremendously helpful in allowing senior citizens stay in
their homes longer and parents to
monitor their newborns; they can also
expose private behavior to unscrupulous viewers and unwanted intrusion.
In his highly popular and visionary
books, Isaac Asimov posited four laws
of robotics1,2 on the basic theme that
robots may not harm humans (or humanity), or, by inaction, allow humans
(humanity) to come to harm. Asimov’s
Laws provide a glimpse into the social
and ethical challenges that will need
to be addressed in the IoT. How do we
promote and enforce ethical behavior
by both humans and intelligent systems? Will we need to develop and incorporate “artificial ethics” into automated systems to help them respond
in environments when there are good
and bad choices? If so, whose ethics
should be applied?
Toward a Framework
for Thinking About Principles
and Policy for the IoT
What might a general IoT governance
model look like? In 2008, the Forum
for a New World Governance developed the “World Governance Index”
(WGI) focusing on peace and security,
democracy and the rule of law, human
rights, development and participation,
and sustainability. These areas provide
a roadmap for considering IoT governance. Mapping the WGI areas to the
IoT indicates that we will need:
˲ Policy for IoT safety, security and
privacy, requiring the development of
viable approaches promoting individual rights, data security, and trust, as
well as disincentives and penalties for
inappropriate behavior, corruption,
and crime.
˲ A legal framework for determining
appropriate behavior of autonomous
IoT entities, responsible and accountable parties for that behavior, and determination of who can enforce compliance, how, and on what grounds.
˲ Focus on human rights and ethical
behavior in the IoT, including a sense
of how these would be enforced. This
gets to the heart of the need for the IoT
to promote human well-being and contribute to the advancement of society.
˲ Sustainable development of the IoT
as part of a larger societal and technological ecosystem, including its
impact on biological systems (for example, 3D-printed organs, implants),
environmental systems, and natural
resources).
We need to lay the groundwork
now. The IoT should advance society
and not just technology. The first step
is to pursue the discussions, studies,
task forces, commissions, and pilots
that will help develop governance for
an empowering and enabling IoT.
Developing policy and legislation in
newsworthy and opportunistic areas
(for example, transportation) is essential, but not enough. We need to be
thinking deeply now about broad IoT
use and deployment, and how it can
help create a more enlightened and
civilized society. If we wait too long,
we do so at our own risk.