لخّصلي

1.3 Computer Languages ?Symbolic languages mirrored machine languages using symbols, or mnemonics, to represent the various machine language instructions ?The instructions in machine language consist of streams of 0s and 1s because the internal circuits of a computer are made of switches, transistors, and other electronic devices that can be in one of two states: off or on PROGRAM 1-1 The Multiplication Program in Machine Language 33 Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C Note The only language understood by computer hardware is machine language.34 Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C 1.Symbolic Languages ?

1.3 Computer Languages
◼ To write a program for a computer, we
must use a computer language
◼ Over the years, computer languages have
evolved
Figure 1-10 Computer language
evolution
Machine Languages
◼ In the earliest days of computers, the only
programming languages available were
machine languages
◼ Each computer has its own machine language,
which is made of streams of 0s and 1s
◼ The instructions in machine language consist of
streams of 0s and 1s because the internal
circuits of a computer are made of switches,
transistors, and other electronic devices that
can be in one of two states: off or on
PROGRAM 1-1 The Multiplication Program in Machine Language
33
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C
Note
The only language understood by computer
hardware is machine language.
34
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

1. Symbolic Languages
   ◼ Symbolic languages mirrored machine languages using
   symbols, or mnemonics, to represent the various machine
   language instructions
   ◼ In the early 1950s, Grace Hopper developed the concept
   of a special computer program that would convert
   programs into machine language
   ◼ These early programming languages simply mirrored the
   machine languages using symbols, or mnemonics, to
   represent the various machine language instructions