خدمة تلخيص النصوص العربية أونلاين،قم بتلخيص نصوصك بضغطة واحدة من خلال هذه الخدمة
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Globalization and technological change processes that have
accelerated in tandem over the past years have created a new
global economy -Powered by technology, fueled by information and
driven by knowledge.?Nature of Educational Technology
So far no one is universally agreed upon the definition of the
term "educational technology." For most people the term brings to
mind such electronic gadgetry as film projectors, tape recorders,
television sets and micro-computers used as teaching tools. Other
people add such nonelectrical instructional materials as books,
photographs and charts. Still others subscribe to a definition that
includes not only items used in teaching but also equipments used
in educational administration--keeping students' records on the
micro film, communicating between schools by radio, correcting
entrance examination papers with the aid of a computer and the
like. In effect, educational technology can mean different things to
different people. Even those who have specialised in this field have
failed to arrive at a proper definition. However, in an attempt to
satisfy everyone, the Association for Educational Communications
and Technology in the United States have come to the following
definition: "Educational technology is a complex integrated process
involving people, procedures, ideas, devices and organisation for
analysing problems and devising, implementing, evaluating and
managing solutions to those problems involved in all aspects of
learning."In fact, there are two meanings attached to the definition of
the term o'educational technology." One meaning refers to the
detailed application of psychology of learning to practical teaching
problems. The second meaning refers to the application of
engineering principles in the development of electro-mechanical
equipments of such devices--pictures, tape-recorders, computers
etc. These two meanings of educational technology interact in
the design and use of equipment to provide control over the
learning situation, a rich array of stimulus materials (e.g., films) and
interaction between responses of the learner and the presentation
of instructional material.However, the correct meaning of the term "educational
technology" has been differentiated by Lumsdaine by using two
different symbols: ET-1, ET-2.The new term "educational technology" suggests itself
and it may be used to refer to a little beyond the use of equipments
and techniques that are associated with equipments. On the other
route, starting from programmed instruction, a wider conception of
educational technology tends to be reached. It is difficult to keep
programmed instruction within narrow bounds. Programmed
instruction begins to look as though it is a part of something larger
and this is educational or instructional technology. Programmed
instruction emphasises that the aims of teaching should be
analysed, the methods of accomplishing them made explicit and the
effects assessed as precisely as possible. These basic ideas are
applicable to the systems of instruction that do not necessarily
include the use of teaching machines. The term "technology", as Ofiesh (1964) observes, implies
the application of science to art.according to futurist Alvin Toffler, -Will not be those who can not
read and write, but those who can not learn, Unlearn & relearn?,
Concerns over educational relevance and quality co-exist with the
imperative of expending educational oppertunities to those made
most vulnerable by globalization - developing countries in general,
low income groups, girls and women and low skilled workers in
particulars.- Darnton and GiacolettFrom the above discussion we can conclude that information
technology refers to the information processing of the software
application on operating systems or hardware applications that
includes computers, videos, telephones and related equipments of
telecommunications, tapes, CDs etc.But it
seems a little awkward to observe that whereas the contribution of
some kind of technology is visibly felt in respect of the operation of
our hospitals, factories, farms and offices, our classrooms have
remained a unique example of backwardness by remaining
insensitive to the technological inputs and their influences.However, the effective integration of ICTS into the
educational system is a complex, om ultifaceted process that
involves not just technology, indeed, given enough initial capital,
getting the technology is the easiest part - but also curriculum and
pedagogy, Institutional readiness, teacher competencies and
longterm financing, among others.and more sophisticated
modern hardware like electronic computers, space satellites,
language laboratories etc.Programmed Learning and Educational Technology:
Educational technology can be regarded, as the application
of systematic knowledge about learning and instruction to teaching
and training with the aim of improving their quality and efficiency.When used appropriately,
different ICTS are said to help expand access to education,
Strengthen the relevance of education to the increasingly digital
workplace, and raise educational quality by, among others, helping
make teaching and learning into an engaging, active process
connected to reallife.In addition, teachers who have
traditionally perceived themselves as classroom's chief performers
-- lecturing, conducting recitations, leading class discussion -- can
feel demoted to a less prestigious educational role when they are
asked to have reading materials, radio, television or computers to
deliver the content of lessons.For solving the varied problems of education
successfully, educational technology consisting of various media of
mass communication, suitable child learning processes, and
modern testing and evaluation techniques are essential.Information technology (IT) is the acquisition, processing,
storage and dissemination of vocal, pictorial, textual and numerical
information by a micro-electronics - based combination of
computing and telecommunication.refers to -any communication or
representation of knowledge such as facts, data or opinions in any
medium or for, including textual, numerical, graphic Cartographic,
narrative or audiovisual forms.?Instructional Technology is neithers technology in education
nor technology of education but both and all pervasive which
pervades the whole teaching learning or engineering put it should
be taken as a sum total of all such aspects, which go a long way in
shaping the personality of the learner in a meaningful context.The point is that it is not merely a system of presentation, a
particular technique or a set of principles; it is a methodology for
discovering an efficient means of organising learning situatiens to
attain specified objectives.The factors
causing ihe progress of educational technology are:
(1) Student flood due to population explosion;
(2) Acute resource scarcities;
(3) Rising costs;
(4) Unsuilability of output.It spans a wide variety of areas that include but are not
limited to things such as processes, computer software, computer
hardware, Programming Languages and data constructs.Definition of Information Technology:
-Information Technology is a scientific, technological and
engineerning discipline and management technique used in
handing the information, it's application and association with social,
economical and cultural matters.?Programmed learning, though wide in scope, is only a part of
the broader concept of educational technology which must include
many areas such as the problem of innovation, resources of
learning, standardisation and compatibility of system components,
the training of personnel, educational productivity and the design of
educational plant.Altering
old leaching habits in order to master new ones entails not only theexpenditure of energy but also the risk of a teacher looking foolish
by committing embarrassing errors when attempting new
techniques in the classroom.* Easy availability of updated data
* Connecting Geographically dispersed regions
* Wider range of communication media.1.2.1 Concept of Communication Technology
Communication Technology is also comprised of two words
like -Communication & Technology?.The interaction of physical sciences with education provides
us with traditional aids, tools and hardwares such as paper, ink,
books, radios, lin-guaphones, films, etc.It should, however, be emphasised that techniques
such as critical path analysis, curriculum development methods and
task analysis are essential components as well as the hardware
system.Earlier educators used to advocate the use of audio-visual
aids in the process of teaching in addition to supplementary aids
such as pictures, charts, maps, models and various audio-aids.In this connection, Information and communication
technologies (ICTS) which include radio and television, and the
Internet - have been touted as potentially and powerful enabling
tools for educational change and reform.The term in its modern sense
first appeared in a 1958 article published in the Harvard Bussiness
Review, in which authors Leavitt and whisler commented that -the
new technology does not yet have a single established name.In short,
anything that renders data, information or perceived knowledge in
any visual format whatsoever, via any multimedia distribution
mechanism, is considered part of the domains space known as
Information Technology.It is processing of information interms of accessing
information, decoding information and sending it via a medium and
changer to the receivers.Definition of Instructional Technology :
Instructional technology is just what it sounds lie, using
computers, CD Roms, interactive media, modems, satellites,
teleconferencing and other technological means to support
learning.According to the Association fo Educational Communications
and Technoogy (AECT)
-Instructional Technology is often reffered to as a part of
educational technology but the use of these terms has changed
over the years.While instructional Technology covers the
processes and systems of learning and instruction, educational
techology includes other systems used in the process of developing
human capabilities?ET-2 means the application of scientific principles to instruction and
hence the emphasis is on objectives and performances.Our teacher and via him/her the
processes of educational resource generation have not properly
assimilated or understood the importance and relevance of
technology for the classroom.It modifies the learner's environment through
the various techniques of presentation, arrangement of learning
activities and organisation of physical surroundings.But both these meanings make the scope limited because
educational technology is also concerned with the management
and organisation of man and material both, so that they achieve the
specific objectives of planning and implementation.It modifies the learner's environment through
the varied techniques of presentation, arrangement of learning
activities and organisation of social and physical surroundings.Technology includes:
(1) Preparing pupils for learning experience;
(2) Reinforcing their values while pupils are sharing the ex-
perience;
(3) Relating the experience with the lesson and thus stimulating
further learning.We will also dicuss the need & significance of ICTS in
Education with specific reference to historical perspective and
emerging trends.Instructional
technology, today is widely accepted as the application of systems
approach in the systemic design of a learning system and as a
method or approach combined with the appropriate and necessary
media and material to bring about improvement in teaching -
learning - evaluation process.It developes new concepts like programmed learning,
microteching, Simulated teaching, video tape, projector and
computer etc.Analysis of contents in depth is carried out in this technology.1.3 CONCEPT OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
Meaning of "Educational Technology"
Words are of little interest in themselves but they do indicate
changes in thinking. Once the climate of opinion is right, one may
arrive at the word "Educational Technology" by different routes.Hence the heading has to
become audio-visual aids and programmed instruction, an odd
pairing since some forms of programmed instructions use only the
printed page.Frequently, teachers avoid attempting a new
instructional technique because it requires too much from them'in
energy, time, patience or skill to become adept in its Use.Gradually, the emphasis shifted to the employment of costly
gadgets such as video and computers and now the multi-media
approach.This requires modernisation in
educational management, modernisation of teachers, of learning
processes, strengthening of educational finance and emphasis on
non-formal education.As you know the half life of information continues to
shrink and access to information continues to grow exponentially,
schools can not remain mere venues for the transmission of a
prescribed set of information from teacher to student over a fixed
period of time.- UNSECO
-Information technology is a systemic study of artifacts that
can be used to give form to facts inorder to provide meaning for
decision making, and artifacts that can be used for organization,
processing, communication and application of information?the application of learning theories and
styles to designing instruction
the selection of materials and tools to design and implement
a design.In modern education, we can
witness the impact of two forces; one, of physical sciences and
electronics and the other, of behavioural sciences, operating on theprocess of instruction.In fact, as long as programmed learning co-ordinates these
techniques, it is woven into the fabric of educational technology.This is because some
technologies are not accepted or only partly accepted because they
require too many adjustments of traditional methods of instruction
or administration.Thus the amount of change required in the existing habits
and the fear of failure or of decreased prestige can affect the
teachers' willingness to accept a new technology.To utilise educational
television (ETV), many teachers think that much training equipment
and general reevaluation of teaching goals and activities would be
required.Scope of Educational Technology
By taking into consideration the usefulness of educational
technology in all branches of education, one dare not deny thevastness of its scope.It is concerned with
achieving the goals--of maintaining internal discipline, adapting to
its environment etc.Especially
in developing countries like India, it has to be mastered and utilised
by educationists if they are to keep pace with each other and catch
up with the developed nations.As such both quantitative expansion
and qualitative improvement of education can be facilitated and
accelerated with the help of educational technology.The uniqueness of educational technology is characterised as:
(1) Use of a broad range of resources fo: learning;
(2) Emphasis on individualised learning; and
(3) Use of systems approach.The effectiveness of educational
technology depends on:
(1) Ability to achieve goals;
(2) To maintain itself internally; and
(3) To adapt to its environment.The emergence of this new global economy
has serious implications for the nature and purpose of educationalinstitutions.The international Labour
organization defines the requirements for education and training in
the new global economy simply as a -Basic education for all,?-Information Technology is any equipment or interconnected
system or sub system of equipments that is used in the acquistion,
storage manipulation, management transmission or reception of
data or information.?It is the process &
transfering information form a Sender to a receiver with the use of a
medium in which the communication information is understood by
both sender and receiver.Systems such as
telephone, telex, Fax, radio, T.V. and Video are included, as well as
more recent computer based technologies, including electronic data
interchange and e-mail.?In short, communication technolgoy is the activity of
designing and constructing and maintaining communication
systems.They are:
Systematic application of scientific knowledge to the practical
tasks and
the division of the practical tasks into sections and Subsections.It is a contiuous, dynamic, progressive & effect producing
method.It can not replace the teacher
Characteristics of Instructional Technology :
It is helpful in achieving cognitive objectives.For this reason, a wide range of presentation, control and feedback
devices may be employed such as teaching machines, stimulators
and computers.Looked at from another point of view, the job of the
programmer can be regarded as that of providing appropriate
opportunities for the pupils to learn.If educational technology possesses any value at all, it is
vital that the teachers in training shall be introduced to its
philosophy and techniques.Educational technology is thus the application of scientific
knowledge about learning and conditions of learning to improve the
effectiveness of teaching and learning.It faciliates
communication between individuals or groups.-Communication?
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Globalization and technological change processes that have
accelerated in tandem over the past years have created a new
global economy ―Powered by technology, fueled by information and
driven by knowledge.‖ The emergence of this new global economy
has serious implications for the nature and purpose of educationalinstitutions. As you know the half life of information continues to
shrink and access to information continues to grow exponentially,
schools can not remain mere venues for the transmission of a
prescribed set of information from teacher to student over a fixed
period of time. Rather Schools must promote ―Learning to Lear‖ i.e.
the acquisiton of knowledge and skills that make possible continous
learning over the lifetime. ―The illiterate of the 21st century‖
according to futurist Alvin Toffler, ―Will not be those who can not
read and write, but those who can not learn, Unlearn & relearn‖,
Concerns over educational relevance and quality co-exist with the
imperative of expending educational oppertunities to those made
most vulnerable by globalization - developing countries in general,
low income groups, girls and women and low skilled workers in
particulars. Global changes also put pressure on all groups to
constantly acquire and apply new skills. The international Labour
organization defines the requirements for education and training in
the new global economy simply as a ―Basic education for all,‖ ―Core
work skills for all‖ and ―Lifelong learning for all.‖
In this connection, Information and communication
technologies (ICTS) which include radio and television, and the
Internet - have been touted as potentially and powerful enabling
tools for educational change and reform. When used appropriately,
different ICTS are said to help expand access to education,
Strengthen the relevance of education to the increasingly digital
workplace, and raise educational quality by, among others, helping
make teaching and learning into an engaging, active process
connected to reallife.
However, the effective integration of ICTS into the
educational system is a complex, om ultifaceted process that
involves not just technology, indeed, given enough initial capital,
getting the technology is the easiest part - but also curriculum and
pedagogy, Institutional readiness, teacher competencies and
longterm financing, among others.
In this module we will get an overal idea about the concept of
ICTS. We will also dicuss the need & significance of ICTS in
Education with specific reference to historical perspective and
emerging trends.
1.2 CONCEPT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY :
Today‘s world is a world of information explosion. This
information explosion is taking place in such a fast speed that even
a literate person is feeling as if he or she is illiterate being not able
to cope up with such an information explosion. Here the question
arises how is one to cope up with it? The answer is, information
technology (IT) that can help in coping with the informationexplosion. So, we can say that ―Information Technology is nothing
but coping up with explosion of Information.‖
Information technology (IT) is the acquisition, processing,
storage and dissemination of vocal, pictorial, textual and numerical
information by a micro-electronics - based combination of
computing and telecommunication. The term in its modern sense
first appeared in a 1958 article published in the Harvard Bussiness
Review, in which authors Leavitt and whisler commented that ―the
new technology does not yet have a single established name. we
shall call it information technology.‖
It spans a wide variety of areas that include but are not
limited to things such as processes, computer software, computer
hardware, Programming Languages and data constructs. In short,
anything that renders data, information or perceived knowledge in
any visual format whatsoever, via any multimedia distribution
mechanism, is considered part of the domains space known as
Information Technology.
Meaning of Information Techology (IT) :
Information Technology consists of two words Information
and Technology. If you know the two words you can understand the
word information technology together.
The term ―Information‖ refers to ―any communication or
representation of knowledge such as facts, data or opinions in any
medium or for, including textual, numerical, graphic Cartographic,
narrative or audiovisual forms.‖
―Technology is the practical form of scientific knowledge or
the science of application of knowledge to practical.‖
―Information Technology is any equipment or interconnected
system or sub system of equipments that is used in the acquistion,
storage manipulation, management transmission or reception of
data or information.‖
Definition of Information Technology:
―Information Technology is a scientific, technological and
engineerning discipline and management technique used in
handing the information, it‘s application and association with social,
economical and cultural matters.‖
تلخيص النصوص العربية والإنجليزية اليا باستخدام الخوارزميات الإحصائية وترتيب وأهمية الجمل في النص
يمكنك تحميل ناتج التلخيص بأكثر من صيغة متوفرة مثل PDF أو ملفات Word أو حتي نصوص عادية
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نعمل علي العديد من الإضافات والمميزات لتسهيل عملية التلخيص وتحسينها
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