لخّصلي

INTRODUCTION Biotechnology is the application of science and technol- ogy to living organisms as well as parts, products, and models thereof, to alter living or nonliving materials for the production of knowledge, goods, and services [1].Transgenic po- tatoes are resistant to enzymatic darkening and free of harmful glycoalkaloids [10]; o transgenic strawberries sweeter, more resistant to frost and longer ripening; o transgenic oilseed rape, with a lower content of un- saturated fatty acids, resistant to herbicides [6]; o increasing plant sales through their better taste and appearance; o reduction in the use of chemical plant protection productsMolecular breeding approach identi es and validates quantitative trait loci markers associated with for traits of interesting genes that can be introgressed in elite lines through marker- assisted backcrossing [3].The concern for biotechnological development should facil- itate biosafety, health regulations, and not be regulated by the motive of corporate pro t interests through asso- ciated funded research and becoming increasingly permissive to explorative trials on human health and life.The environmental protection is the crucial compo- nent in sustainable development of biotechnology either directly through remediation processes or indi- rectly preventive through substitutions in conventional processes [2,5e7].The main achievements of biotechnology are primarily genetically modi ed plants (GMOs), which allowed to direct and control changes in the genome, to strengthen plants against diseases and pests and adverse environ- mental conditions.With progressing improvements in science, automation, and biotechnology, concerted efforts are underway to end the widespread poverty and hunger, aiming at safety, food security, and sustainability in food.Later the plant is selected, regenerated, and evaluated under eld conditions to ensure that the genetic change is sta- ble and that the attributes of the new variety meet com- mercial requirements [2,3].

INTRODUCTION
Biotechnology is the application of science and technol-
ogy to living organisms as well as parts, products, and
models thereof, to alter living or nonliving materials for
the production of knowledge, goods, and services [1].
The complexity of plants and microorganisms present
a greater challenge to advance applied genetics. The suc-
cessful genetic manipulation of microbes has encour-
aged researchers in the agricultural sciences to use
plant breeding tools. The plant breeder’s approach is
determined for the particular biological factors of the
crop being bred to allow development of new varieties
and even species of plants by circumventing current bio-
logical barriers to the exchange of genetic material. Later
the plant is selected, regenerated, and evaluated under
eld conditions to ensure that the genetic change is sta-
ble and that the attributes of the new variety meet com-
mercial requirements [2,3]. Techniques available for
manipulation of regenerating plants are then tested for
the genetic basis of novel traits. Molecular breeding
approach identi es and validates quantitative trait loci
markers associated with for traits of interesting genes
that can be introgressed in elite lines through marker-
assisted backcrossing [3]. Biotechnology add signi cant
value to genetic resources and increased remarkably the
potential returns from genetic product development [4].
With progressing improvements in science, automation,
and biotechnology, concerted efforts are underway to
end the widespread poverty and hunger, aiming at
safety, food security, and sustainability in food. The
concern for biotechnological development should facil-
itate biosafety, health regulations, and not be regulated
by the motive of corporate pro t interests through asso-
ciated funded research and becoming increasingly
permissive to explorative trials on human health and
life. The environmental protection is the crucial compo-
nent in sustainable development of biotechnology
either directly through remediation processes or indi-
rectly preventive through substitutions in conventional
processes [2,5e7]. Adopt R&D partnerships at all levels
and create an instrument to enable incubation for agri-
cultural developments to reach market with an entrepre-
neurial spirit. Thus, biotechnological products and
services require an indispensable point of emerging
and matching eld coverage and clinical trials to precede
trade. Therefore, testing, governing, and advisory mech-
anism are to be transparent in biotechnology develop-
ment. Finally, endure developments in biotechnology
research capacities though protection of biosafety guide-
lines be transparent and exible [6,8]. The global
biotechnology industry pragmatically should have
been the consideration as a modern tool for solving
the problem of global hunger; ironically, the major in-
vestments were on products of little relevance to the
needs of the world’s hungry, fertility, self-respect, and
well-being [9]. Recently, there has been a dynamic devel-
opment of biotechnology related to genetic engineering.
The main achievements of biotechnology are primarily
genetically modi ed plants (GMOs), which allowed to
direct and control changes in the genome, to strengthen
plants against diseases and pests and adverse environ-
mental conditions. In addition, these plants have
become more resistant to herbicides, fungi, viruses,
and viroids. For example:
• transgenic potato has an increased content of starch
and is resistant to herbicides, potato stalks, and vi-
ruses. A new sweet potato variety was created by
adding sweet protein or thaumatin. Transgenic po-
tatoes are resistant to enzymatic darkening and free
of harmful glycoalkaloids [10];
• transgenic strawberries sweeter, more resistant to
frost and longer ripening;
• transgenic oilseed rape, with a lower content of un-
saturated fatty acids, resistant to herbicides [6];
• increasing plant sales through their better taste and
appearance;
• reduction in the use of chemical plant protection
products