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In the modern sense, MEDICINE is the science of prevention and treatment of diseases, preservation and promotion of human health. The word "medicine "(lat. "medicina" and "medicare") has two meanings to cure and poison, and the term" medicament" means medicine, poison and magic. The meaning of these words is associated with f inding a means (measure) of healing, and with the assessment of healing as an action between miracle and knowledge, and with th e "middle" place of medicine between natural science and social and humanitarian knowledge.

The social component of medicine involves the study of the entire system of relations between the doctor and the patient in the range of traditional care of the mental state of the patient to the principles of ethical and legislative regulation of medical activity. Traditionally, the social component of medical knowledge has been represented by professional ethics. In the context of modern culture, it is supplemented by medical law.

ETHICS-the science of morality (from the Latin moralis, which means moral) and the Central problem of study - the ratio of Good and Evil.

Aristotle (4th century BC) first used the ter m "ethics" and distinguished ethics in an independent philosophical discipline that studies morality, morality and virtue. The The origin of the concept is associated with the ancient Greek word "ethos" (temper, custom, habit, character).

Over time, ethics, moving from the description of mores to their explanation, turned into a theoretical discipline-the philosophy of morality ("morality" an d "morality" - synonyms, in Latin mores - "mores").Ethics, morality

Recognizes the priority of universal values and autonomy of the individual.

It teaches how to act on the basis of personal responsibility, universal values of kindness and humanity, Christian values of mercy and compassion. Is an integral part of deontology and def ne

s "least morality rights. May be in conflict with the law

Changes in society faster than the law and prepares the ground for changing laws.

Deontology

instructions, rules, regulations. It has much in common with legal norms.

Recognizes "good" all (priority interests society, groups, organizations) "good" everyone. Teaches, as do on the basis of debt and due-rules, instructions, prescription (and not personal beliefs). Includes the possibility of sacrif bing the interests of the individual for the sake of the interests of the majority, so it may conflict with ethics. Ensures the performance of the debt in compliance with the requirements of professional and other

Accepted by the state. Is obligatory to thwart all citizens.

It is characterized by specificity, certainty, regulation.

Assesses the behavior of only the offender.

Obliges to act according to legal norms under the threat of legal liability.

Provides execution by force of the state coercion. Changes in time much more slowly than morality

Law

Law, ethics and deontology: main features

Ethics, morality-a more mobile category than the law, it changes faster in time, preparing changes in the law. The law in society can only be the same for all, and morality, ethics are different in different social strata and even professions. Ethics may therefore be in conf Ict with the law, but in their divergence the act must be judged according to the law, and ethics only shades the totality of mitigating or aggravating circumstances. Eventually, the number of ethnic disagreements with the law turns into quality then the law changes.

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Morality and ethics, studying it, unlike the law, can not be the same in different layers of society and professions, while the law is the same for all. A changed morality prepares a change in the law, but the law takes precedence, however inhumane it may seem under a changed morality. Medical ethics is based on moral values. Deontology is based on the rationalism of instructions, statutes, and laws that are common to society and useful to it.

3. Ethics and deontology do not compete with each other, but are only created differently: ethics - by long education of moral values, deontology - by relatively rapid assimilation of rules. These are different facets of the

same process.

• If we want a quick result, we must focus on deontology: it does not require

much thought and is suitable for all employees, regardless of their mora

level. If we strive for a broader result, then the training of a doctor should be

guided by medical ethics, it requires a long accumulation of moral values,

starting with training at a medical Institute, but it is acquired forever.

• As in any science, ethics in medicine is specific within medicine itself. We

can talk about the ethics of surgery, Pediatrics, dentistry, and so on.The term "deontology" (from Greek. "deontos" - due) was introduced into the Soviet medical science in the 40s of the XX century by Professor N. N. Petrov, who used this term to denote a real area of medical practice - medical ethics, abolished in Russia in 1917 for the logical and historical connection with religious culture. But this relationship exists and religion is the basis of this direction of ethics. The origins of ideas about" due "are in the religious and moral consciousness, which is characterized by constant measurement, observance of oneself with "due" and evaluation of actions not only by results, but also by t The deontological model of medical ethics is a set of" due" rules corresponding to a particular area of medical practice. As an example of a deontological model, the model of surgical deontology can be cited.

In his work "Questions of surgical deontology" N. N. Petrov singled out the following rules:

"surgery for sick and not sick for surgery»;

• "do and advise to do to the patient only such operation that you would agree if the cash situation for the self or for the close to you»;

• "for peace of mind patients required a visit to the surgeon before the operation and several times the day of surgery, before her and after>»;

• "the ideal of a great surgery is to work with a truly complete elimination of not only any physical pain, but every emotion of the patient»;

• "inform patient", which should include mention

of the risk, the chance of infection, side damage.

The principle of "duty" is is fundamental Ito the deontological model. "To observe duty" means to fulfill certain requirements. An improper act is one e that contradicts the demands placed upon the physician by the medical community, society, and his own will and reason. When the rules of conduct are open and precisely formulated for each medical specialty, the principle of" duty "does not recognize excuses for evading it, including arguments from "pleasant and unpleasant", "useful and useless", etc.

• Note that the concepts of deontology and ethics in medicine have both coincidences and contradictions.

• Deontology is closer to the law, it teaches how to act, even if these actions are inhumane. A person acts according to instructions and rules drawn up by someone. Ethics is based on motivation in the form of accumulated moral values, rather than on an algorithm of behavior. The main differences between ethics, deontology and law are presented in table 1.Making an attempt to explain what the ter

m "ethics" includes usually there are several

associations:

is something that is relevant to the behavior of people;

is a way of assessment of human actions;

• is what regulates the relations between people.

In this aspect, the goal of ethics is to create an optimal model of humane and fair relations that ensure high quality of communication.

• Ethical evaluation of actions and relationships is given depending on the orientation to achieve Good or Evil, which are thus the criterion of ethical judgment.

• Ethics MEDICAL (medical) is traditionally def ned as a set of moral standards of behavior of the doctor and the attitude to the patient, his relatives, colleagues. In Russia speaking about medical ethics it is necessary to turn to deontology.

Deontology as moral integrity - in the sense of conformity of the doctor's behavior to certain ethical standards is an essential part of

medical ethics. DEONTOLOGY-the science of due-the doctrine of a set of ethical norms that determine the proper (specific) attitude to the object and subject of work and regulate the relationship between

colleagues and other actors.Immanuel Kant in the 17th century f ist def ned ethics as the science of due.

• Morality is a set of moral norms and principles of behavior adopted in a given society in a certain period of time. More generally, morality is def ned as a system of norms of moral behavior of people, their duties towards each other and society as a whole. Also, morality can be def ned as a system of norms of moral behavior of a person of any class or professional group. Thus, morals can be different in different strata of society and even in different professions. In addition, morals can change over time.

* describe morality-its history, today's norms, principles, ideals-what is called the moral culture of society;

** explain morality-analyze the essence, structure, mechanisms of functioning of morality in its "due" and" existing " versions;

* teach morality-to give people the necessary knowledge about good and evil, contributing to the self-improvement of man and the development of his own strategy and tactics of "right life".

The main tasks of ethics:

The set of ethical norms of human behavior consists of three components: innate, doctrinal and conventional ethics.

• Ethics belongs to the class of Humanities and the object of its study the person, namely his behavior and attitudes.

• As a specific aspect, often considered ethics is communication, understood as a fundamental prerequisite and basis of human life; urgent need; the most important need of people; way of human existence and life.