لخّصلي

Soon after Alfred Binet introduced intelligence testing in France, the U.S. Public Health Service began using such tests to measure the intelligence of people seeking to immi- grate to the United States (Figure 2-3).Reporting on his find- ings in a paper entitled "Mental Tests and the Immigrant," Goddard (1917) concluded that, in this sample, 83% of the Jews, 80% of the Hungarians, 79% of the Italians, and 87% of the Russians were feebleminded. Although Goddard had written extensively on the genetic nature of mental deficiency, it is to his credit that he did not summarily conclude that these test findings were the result of hereditary. Rather, Goddard (1917) wondered aloud whether the findings were due to "hereditary defect" or "apparent defect due to deprivation" (p. 243).Goddard (1913) used interpreters in test administration, employed a bilingual psychologist, and administered mental tests to selected immi- grants who appeared mentally retarded to trained observers.

Soon after Alfred Binet introduced intelligence testing in France, the U.S. Public Health Service began using such tests to measure the intelligence of people seeking to immi- grate to the United States (Figure 2–3). Henry H. Goddard, who had been highly instru- mental in getting Binet’s test adopted for use in various settings in the United States, was the chief researcher assigned to the project. Early on, Goddard raised questions about how meaningful such tests are when used with people from various cultural and language backgrounds. Goddard (1913) used interpreters in test administration, employed a bilingual psychologist, and administered mental tests to selected immi- grants who appeared mentally retarded to trained observers. Although seemingly sen- sitive to cultural issues in assessment, Goddard’s legacy with regard to such sensitivity is, at best, controversial. Goddard found most immigrants from various nationalities to be mentally deficient when tested. In one widely quoted report, 35 Jews, 22 Hungarians, 50 Italians, and 45 Russians were selected for testing among the masses of immigrants being processed for entry into the United States at Ellis Island. Reporting on his find- ings in a paper entitled “Mental Tests and the Immigrant,” Goddard (1917) concluded that, in this sample, 83% of the Jews, 80% of the Hungarians, 79% of the Italians, and 87% of the Russians were feebleminded. Although Goddard had written extensively on the genetic nature of mental deficiency, it is to his credit that he did not summarily conclude that these test findings were the result of hereditary. Rather, Goddard (1917) wondered aloud whether the findings were due to “hereditary defect” or “apparent defect due to deprivation” (p. 243). In reality, the findings were largely the result of using a translated Binet test that overestimated mental deficiency in native English- speaking populations, let alone immigrant populations (Terman, 1916).