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ONS Population Estimates, 2024 is the source.2.3.4.

UK Population: Life Expectancy, Age Distribution, Demographics, and Key Modifiable Risk Factors

1. Size of Population

The Office for National Statistics (ONS) estimates that as of mid-2024, there were roughly 69.3 million people living in the United Kingdom. This is an increase of roughly 755,000 individuals per year, mostly due to net international migration rather than natural population growth (births minus deaths).
ONS Population Estimates, 2024 is the source.

2. Age Distribution

One major demographic trend influencing the need for health services in the UK is the country's aging and mature population. Although the exact age distribution varies every year, current ONS data show a sizable percentage of older

The proportion of adults 65 and older in the population is rising.

Although the working-age population (16–64) continues to be the largest, its share is gradually decreasing.
The population aged 0–15 is relatively stable.
The overall pattern reflects an aging demographic profile, with future implications for chronic disease burden and long-term care.
3. Life Expectancy Life expectancy in the United Kingdom continues to be relatively high; however, advancements have decelerated in recent years. During the period from 2021 to 2023, the life expectancy at birth was approximately 79.0 years for males and 83.0 years for females. Healthy Life Expectancy (HLE)—the duration anticipated to be lived in good health—is considerably lower: around 61.5 years for males and 61.9 years for females in England. The disparity between overall life expectancy and HLE suggests that many individuals experience a considerable amount of their later years dealing with illness or disability.
4. Ethnic Diversity The United Kingdom exhibits a significant level of ethnic diversity, particularly in its major urban centers like London, Birmingham, and Manchester. As per the 2021 Census, a substantial portion of the population—approximately 82%—identifies as part of the broad "White" ethnic category, although this percentage has been gradually declining over the years. Other prominent ethnic groups consist of: Asian ethnic groups (including Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi): nearly 9%. Black ethnic groups: about 4%. Mixed and Other ethnicities: roughly 5% combined. Younger demographics are generally more diverse, reflecting ongoing demographic shifts. 5. Major Modifiable Risk Factors Affecting Health Several lifestyle-related, modifiable risk factors significantly impact the health of the population in the UK. These factors play a crucial role in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer. a. Overweight and Obesity Obesity represents a significant public health concern. In England, around 64.5% of adults are classified as overweight or living with obesity, with approximately 26.5% experiencing obesity alone. The prevalence is notably higher among middle-aged individuals and those residing in socioeconomically disadvantaged areas. b. Physical Inactivity Physical inactivity is still widespread. Estimates indicate that roughly 22% of adults fail to meet the recommended levels of physical activity, which heightens the risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and adverse mental health outcomes. c. Smoking The prevalence of smoking has decreased to historic lows. In 2024, approximately 10.5% of adults were daily smokers—marking one of the lowest rates ever recorded in the UK. Despite this advancement, smoking continues to be a leading preventable cause of illness and premature mortality. d. Additional Lifestyle Risks Other lifestyle factors, including excessive alcohol consumption, poor dietary habits, elevated blood pressure, and high cholesterol levels, also significantly contribute to the national disease burden. These risks are often more pronounced in disadvantaged communities, thereby exacerbating existing health inequalities