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Representative signal pathways of CCC.AC adenylate cyclase, cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cGMP cyclic guanosine monophosphate, CO carbon monoxide, DAG diacylglycerol, ERK extracellular regulated protein kinases, GC guanylate cyclase, GDP guanosine-5'-diphosphate, GPCR G-protein-coupled receptor, GTP guanosine triphosphate, IP3 inositol trisphosphate, IP3R inositol trisphosphate receptor, MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase, MEK mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase, NO nitric oxide, Pi PIP2 phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate, PKA protein kinase A, PKC protein kinase C, PKG protein kinase G, PLC phospholipase C

Representative signal pathways of CCC. Cellular communication is the process of signal construction to signal transduction. The interactions of ligands and receptors usually affect cell metabolism and energy transformation of different cell types to maintain the normal function of organisms. Ligands are active substances capable of specifically binding to receptors. Receptors specifically recognize and bind to signaling molecules, converting them into intracellular signals to perform specific physiological functions. One of the major signaling pathways within the signal transduction pathway are GPCRs pathways, including PKA and PKC systems. The others are enzyme-coupled receptor pathways, including PKG and MAPK systems. AC adenylate cyclase, cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cGMP cyclic guanosine monophosphate, CO carbon monoxide, DAG diacylglycerol, ERK extracellular regulated protein kinases, GC guanylate cyclase, GDP guanosine-5’-diphosphate, GPCR G-protein-coupled receptor, GTP guanosine triphosphate, IP3 inositol trisphosphate, IP3R inositol trisphosphate receptor, MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase, MEK mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase, NO nitric oxide, Pi PIP2 phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate, PKA protein kinase A, PKC protein kinase C, PKG protein kinase G, PLC phospholipase C