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ABSTRACT Smart materials encompass a variety of substances, including smart antimicrobial peptides, pit and fissure sealants, impression materials, cement, and sutures.These technological breakthroughs indicate the initiation of the biosmart dentistry era, hence progressing toward its actualization.KEYWORDS: Ideal material, smart dentistry, smart materials

INTRODUCTION Historically, there was a prevailing belief that oral materials intended for extended usage would exhibit greater durability if they possessed a "passive" nature, devoid of any interactions with their immediate environment. The durability of materials such as amalgams, composites, and cement in relation to their resistance to chemical reactions inside the oral environment is a topic that is often contemplated. The application of "bioactive" intelligent materials is presently regarded as a very promising technology with the potential for enhanced durability and heightened efficacy over extended periods.[1]

A substance can be classified as "intelligent" when it exhibits a notable capacity to perceive and respond to alterations in its surrounding environment.Consequently, these constituents are frequently denoted as "responsive materials." When exposed to external stimuli including temperature, moisture, stress, pH, and electric or magnetic fields, smart materials are able to experience considerable changes in their properties.[2]

Intelligent dental supplies have been upgraded. Restorative technologies such as smart composites, as well as other smart materials such as impression materials, shape memory alloys (SMAs), burs, and sutures have completely changed the dental industry. This article emphasizes using "smart materials" in dentistry to maximize traditional dental operations.[2] [Table 1]

Table 1.Categorization of several dental smart materials

Classification of Dental Smart Materials[3] Passive Dental Smart Material Active Dental Smart Material Kind of materials reacts to the environment without influencing it, for example, composites, GIC, and compomers The feedback loop mechanism is utilized in the production of these goods.ACP-releasing pit and fissure sealant and SmartBur are some examples of smart materials Open in a new tab PROPERTIES OF SMART DENTAL MATERIALS[2,3] Thermochromic materials: They adapt their color to temperature changes.These constituents signify the commencement of a novel era or epoch in the field of smart dentistry and exhibit the potential for enhanced efficacy in the future.Hence, the incorporation of intelligent materials and the use of strategic thinking have become imperative in the field of dentistry for the execution of routine clinical protocols.These materials can change properties under specific stimuli such as temperature, stress, moisture, pH, or electric and magnetic fields.Piezoelectric: It generates an electric current in response to the application of mechanical tension.Photochromic materials: Light changes the color of these compounds.

ABSTRACT
Smart materials encompass a variety of substances, including smart antimicrobial peptides, pit and fissure sealants, impression materials, cement, and sutures. These materials can change properties under specific stimuli such as temperature, stress, moisture, pH, or electric and magnetic fields. These constituents signify the commencement of a novel era or epoch in the field of smart dentistry and exhibit the potential for enhanced efficacy in the future.

KEYWORDS: Ideal material, smart dentistry, smart materials

INTRODUCTION
Historically, there was a prevailing belief that oral materials intended for extended usage would exhibit greater durability if they possessed a “passive” nature, devoid of any interactions with their immediate environment. The durability of materials such as amalgams, composites, and cement in relation to their resistance to chemical reactions inside the oral environment is a topic that is often contemplated. The application of “bioactive” intelligent materials is presently regarded as a very promising technology with the potential for enhanced durability and heightened efficacy over extended periods.[1]

A substance can be classified as “intelligent” when it exhibits a notable capacity to perceive and respond to alterations in its surrounding environment. Consequently, these constituents are frequently denoted as “responsive materials.” When exposed to external stimuli including temperature, moisture, stress, pH, and electric or magnetic fields, smart materials are able to experience considerable changes in their properties.[2]

Intelligent dental supplies have been upgraded. Restorative technologies such as smart composites, as well as other smart materials such as impression materials, shape memory alloys (SMAs), burs, and sutures have completely changed the dental industry. This article emphasizes using “smart materials” in dentistry to maximize traditional dental operations.[2] [Table 1]

Table 1.
Categorization of several dental smart materials

Classification of Dental Smart Materials[3]
Passive Dental Smart Material Active Dental Smart Material
Kind of materials reacts to the environment without influencing it, for example, composites, GIC, and compomers The feedback loop mechanism is utilized in the production of these goods. ACP-releasing pit and fissure sealant and SmartBur are some examples of smart materials
Open in a new tab
PROPERTIES OF SMART DENTAL MATERIALS[2,3]
Thermochromic materials: They adapt their color to temperature changes.

Piezoelectric: It generates an electric current in response to the application of mechanical tension.

Photochromic materials: Light changes the color of these compounds.

pH sensitive: The term “pH sensitive” refers to a category of materials that either expand or contract in response to variations in the pH of their immediate environment.

Thermoresponsive materials: Due to impressive and well-controlled structural changes, objects take on diverse shapes at various temperatures.

Magnetorheological: When subjected to a magnetic field, a substance transforms from a fluid to a solid.

SMART MATERIAL AND PARTICIPATION IN DENTISTRY
SmartBurs: SmartBurs are paddle-shaped polyether ketone ketone polymers. Since SmartBur is tougher than infected (15–20 KHN) and healthy (68 KHN) dentin, it can cut sick dentin while preserving the impacted dentin. When touching healthy calcified tooth structure, the SmartBur dulls and vibrates. Thus, these burs can remove delicate carious dentin but burn out when they meet strong dentin, limiting tooth structure loss.[2]

Smart GIC: Glass ionomer cement (GIC) behaves like human dentin because its gel structure quickly absorbs and releases solvent in response to temperature, pH, and pressure changes. GIC has improved marginal adaptability because of these interventions. Food and drinks can cause considerable temperature variations in the oral cavity, expanding or contracting materials. GIC is intelligent because it releases fluoride. This trait aids preventive dentistry.[3]

Smart Composite: Composite materials are the most popular restorative materials because they are tooth-colored and robust, benefiting both doctors and patients. The functionality of smart composite, a restorative product made of nano-filled, alkaline, light-activated glass, has been improved through the incorporation of nanoparticles, amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), and several other components. When intraoral pH drops below 5.5, it releases hydroxyl, calcium, and fluoride ions to remineralize the tooth surface. Class 1 and 2 lesions for primary and permanent tooth restorations are indicated.[3]

Smart Dentin Replacement (SDR): SDR (Dentsply) is a class I and II dentin substitute and access repair made of bulk-fill flowable, fluoride-containing, radiopaque, visible light-cured resin composite. SDR is an easy-to-place dentin replacement material that may be injected directly into the cavity and cured in 4-mm increments with minimum polymerization shrinkage. This material’s modified rheology makes it self-leveling and cavity wall adaptable, speeding restoration.[4]

Smart Impression Materials: The Aquasil Super Smart Wetting Impression Material® is a silicone-based impression material that has been enhanced to exhibit increased tear strength, reduced contact angle, and low viscosity when utilized. The substance exhibits characteristics of regular, fast-set stiffness, substantial weight, monophase composition (maroon), low viscosity (teal), and extra-low viscosity (orange).[2]

Smart Ceramic: These metal-free, biocompatible, and lifelike restorations blend in with natural teeth. Restoring teeth to their previous shape was easy and predictable, for instance, Cercon Zirconium Smart Ceramic System.[5]

Smart Sutures: The sutures utilized in this study are fabricated using thermoplastic polymers that possess both shape memory and biodegradability properties. The extremities of the suture were fastened, and they were affixed in a loosely applied manner to maintain their provisional form. When the temperature exceeds the thermal transition temperature, the suture experiences a contraction phase, leading to the tightening of the knot and the exertion of maximal force. The thermal transition point closely approximates the temperature of the human body, hence possessing therapeutic implications for achieving optimal stress levels when tying surgical knots. The facilitation of infection detection can be achieved by employing intelligent sutures, consisting of plastic or silk threads embedded with temperature sensors and micro-heaters.[6]

SmartPaste Bio: Another example is resin-based bioceramic sealer SmartPaste Bio. The SmartPaste Bio undergoes a setting process that results in the formation of calcium hydroxide and hydroxyapatite, rendering it biocompatible and exhibiting antibacterial properties. It sets slowly, 4–10 hours, and is hydrophilic, encouraging propoints to hydrate and expand to fill the gaps. Lateral forces are less than dentin’s tensile strength and standard techniques. SmartPaste Bio’s bioceramics stabilize the sealer and prevent root canal resorption.[7]

SMAs: A family of metallic materials known as SMA is those that, after being subjected to a thermomechanical stimulus, have the potential to revert to their initial shape or length. These alloys demonstrate exceptional flexibility, shape memory, high resistance to wear and fatigue, and a considerable degree of biocompatibility. The compound known as nickel–titanium, also referred to as nitinol, is an SMA that exhibits unique properties.[8]

Smart Antimicrobial Peptide: These substances may also be classified as probiotic antibiotics due to their high level of pathogen specificity, allowing them to mitigate certain adverse effects commonly associated with antibiotics, such as secondary infections and the elimination of commensal organisms. The objective of developing a pheromone-guided “smart” antimicrobial peptide is to effectively eradicate the predominant strain of Streptococcus mutans responsible for dental cavities.[9]

CONCLUSION
The utilization of smart materials has witnessed notable progress in recent times, leading to novel opportunities for their application in the domains of biomedicine and dentistry. These technological breakthroughs indicate the initiation of the biosmart dentistry era, hence progressing toward its actualization. Hence, the incorporation of intelligent materials and the use of strategic thinking have become imperative in the field of dentistry for the execution of routine clinical protocols.