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he Effect of Different Types of ITSs on Educational Outcomes Various types of ITSs can exert different influences on educational outcomes (Balasooriya et al., 2016).Example-based ITSs can provide problem solutions for learners, which can help learners understand the solutions, apply them to similar contexts, and achieve better academic results (Nye et al., 2018).When effectively used, ITSs may improve educational outcomes based on their adaptability, feedback, gamification, exemplar assistance, and mobile learning.Adaptive ITSs aim to adjust learning contents and difficulty levels according to individual performances.The systems can provide detailed suggestions, by which learners can adjust their learning strategies and improve their learning achievements (Jimenez et al., 2018).Learners may maintain higher levels of engagement and activeness if they have access to gamified elements, leading to higher academic achievements (Gonzalez et al., 2016).ITSs exert complex and multifaceted influences on educational outcomes.

he Effect of Different Types of ITSs on Educational Outcomes
Various types of ITSs can exert different influences on educational outcomes (Balasooriya et al., 2016). When effectively used, ITSs may improve educational outcomes based on their adaptability, feedback, gamification, exemplar assistance, and mobile learning. However, teachers should consider individual needs and preferences when assisting with ITSs (Bicans & Grundspenkis, 2017). ITSs exert complex and multifaceted influences on educational outcomes. Adaptive ITSs aim to adjust learning contents and difficulty levels according to individual performances. These systems provide material for individual learners and make them keep pace with their peers (Aleven et al., 2018). This individualized learning method can ensure that learners are fully prepared and confident in their knowledge, leading to significant improvement in educational outcomes. The feedback-based ITSs are important to understand learners’ mistakes and improve their performances. The systems can provide detailed suggestions, by which learners can adjust their learning strategies and improve their learning achievements (Jimenez et al., 2018).
Game-integrated ITSs are intriguing and pleasing to learners. Learners may maintain higher levels of engagement and activeness if they have access to gamified elements, leading to higher academic achievements (Gonzalez et al., 2016). Example-based ITSs can provide problem solutions for learners, which can help learners understand the solutions, apply them to similar contexts, and achieve better academic results (Nye et al., 2018). Mobile ITSs provide convenience and flexibility, which learners can access whenever and wherever they want to visit. Mobile ITSs can improve students’ learning outcomes by providing easily accessed learning resources, leading to higher test scores (Badaracco et al., 2013). However, mobile ITSs may be limited to the Internet connection, failing to provide stable personalized learning. Besides, the smaller screen may be challenging for readers (Huuska & Dominguez, 2019).