Lakhasly

New Threats to the Information Age
•Computers can be used to perform many traditional
criminal acts.
▪Distribution of child pornography
▪Financial crimes
▪ Corporate espionage
▪Exploitation
▪Stalking
▪Identity theft
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New Threats to the Information Age
•The number of Internet-connected devices—
including traditional computers, mobile decides, and
newer technologies—is currently estimated to
exceed 8.7 billion.
•Identity theft is probably the most feared online
crime, but it is not the only threat to Internet
consumers.
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Defining the Terms
•“Cyber” to mean “real” or “virtual” attached to a computer
network
•Cyber crime can easily be called cybercrime or computer
crime and Cyber terrorism can be referred to as
cyberterrorism.
•Malware: viruses, worms, Trojan horses, spyware, adware,
or other destructive software
–Short for malicious software
–Referred to as a “computer contaminant”
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Overview
•The major complications of cybercrime:
–Cybercrime has increased dramatically in recent years.
–There is a significant inconsistency in defining
computer crime offenses.
–There is no systematic data collection procedure for
cybercrimes.
–Offenses vary greatly in character.
▪Offenses vary in character from clear criminality (e.g., theft, fraud, or
destruction of data files) to acts where criminal culpability is less clear,
such as violations of privacy (e.g., unauthorized access to credit reports or
medical records).
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A Developmental Perspective on a Growing Problem
(1 of 3)
• Much has changed since computers were first introduced.
–Few experts explored the potential to use computers to commit
crimes in the beginning.
–A pioneer in early research was Donn Parker.
▪Parker recognized the potential for computer-related criminality even in
systems that were by today’s standards archaic.
▪His early work underscored how easily criminals could misuse information
that is now much more easily accessible. In the late 1970s, the Bureau of
Justice Statistics highlighted the emergence of computer crime through a
series of publications that included an overview of important issues,
Computer security, and crimes related to electronic fund transfers.
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A Developmental Perspective on a Growing Problem
(2 of 3)
•Much has changed since computers were first introduced.
–As research developed on the problems of computer
crime, several common themes emerged. For example:

1. Computer-fraud within governmental agencies


2. Work of hackers
   –Publications about cybercrime are found in the popular
   press.


3. The Cuckoo’s Egg and Takedown.
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   A Developmental Perspective on a Growing Problem
   (3 of 3)
   •Much has changed since computers were first introduced.
   –The rapid growth in the computer security industry has
   largely occurred without adequate research on the
   nature of cybercrimes and criminals.


4. The majority of research in this are focuses on the
   mechanisms and techniques used rather than on the
   etiology of the offenders and the offenses they commit.
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   The Reality of Increased Cybervictimization
   •Two trends drive the reality of increased cybervictimization:
   –Increased use of computers
   –Increased availability of technical information on virus
   creation and computer hacking techniques
   ▪Who poses the greatest threat?
   –Insiders
   –Outsiders –is increasing
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   Changes to Cybervictimization and the Emergence of
   Cyber Terror
   •The dynamics and processes involved in the productive of
   cyber crime and cyber terrorism are virtually the same.
   –The rise of cyber terrorism poses at least as grave a
   threat as cyber crime.
   •Inferences from the National Infrastructure Protection
   Center (NIPC) data can be made that cyber crime and
   cyber terrorism are on parallel tracks.
   –Russia and cyberterrorism
   –Stuxnet and Israel
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   The Costs of Cybercrime (1 of 3)
   •Estimates of cost:
   –Most estimates are derived from surveys of
   corporations and government agencies.
   –These estimate vary dramatically.
   –It is very difficult to accurately calculate the costs
   across different categories of crime.
   –Many companies underreport crimes.
   –There may be intentional or unintentional biases.
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   The Costs of Cybercrime (2 of 3)
   •American Bar Association (ABA) Survey
   –Estimated losses from computer-related crime ranged
   from $145 million to $730 million over a 1-year period.
   •The Florida Department of Law Enforcement (FDLE) Survey
   –25% of respondents reported being victimized by
   computer criminals.
   –Embezzlement of funds by employees was a major
   source of crime.
   –No attempt at loss estimated was made.
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   The Costs of Cybercrime (3 of 3)
   •Early ABA and FDLE studies focused on internal threats because
   networks were limited in the 80s and early-90s.
   •1998 joint survey by FBI and Computer Security Institute found three
   years in a row corporate’s had an increase of outsider penetration.
   •2012 Anderson conducted research to accurately measure the
   monetary costs of cybercrime.
   •Indirect costs may be more than direct costs.
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   Classification of Computer Crime
   • Serves to further define the topic of study and keeps
   everyone on the same page.
   •Provides more opportunities to demonstrate the topic
   through specific and noteworthy examples.
   •Should ultimately fulfill the needs of law enforcement.
   –Motivations of perpetrators
   –Help in apprehension
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   Carter’s Classification of Computer Crimes
   •Computer crimes can be classified into four
   categories:
   –The computer as a target
   –The computer as an instrument of a crime
   –The computer as incidental to a crime
   –Crimes associated with the prevalence of
   computers
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   The Computer as Target
   •Crimes where the computer itself is the target
   include the denial of expected service (DoS).
   –2016 Summer Olympics
   –2016 Trump/Hilary presidential campaign
   •Examples include:
   –Data alteration
   –Network intrusion
   –Computer vandalism
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   The Computer as Instrument
   •The computer is used as the instrument of the
   crime when the computer is used to gain some
   other criminal objective.
   –Exploits trust
   •Examples include:
   –Theft
   –Fraud
   –Threats and harassment
   –Bullying
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   The Computer as Incidental
   •The computer facilitates a crime.
   •Examples include:
   –Money laundering
   –Criminal enterprise
   –Child pornography
   –Luring victims
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   Crimes Associated with the Prevalence of Computers
   •Targets of these types of crimes are mainly the
   industry itself, but also include its customers and
   even people who have avoided information
   technology.
   –Intellectual property theft
   –Component theft
   –Counterfeiting
   –Identify theft
   –White collar crime
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   Other Classification Schemes (1 of 3)
   •Gordon and Ford developed two-category scheme:
   –Type I offenses are primarily technological in nature
   and involve:
   ▪A single or discreet event from the point of view of
   the victim
   ▪Involves the use of malware
   ▪Can be, but may not be, facilitated by computer
   software vulnerabilities
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   Other Classification Schemes (2 of 3)
   •Gordon and Ford
   –Type II offenses
   ▪Do not involve malware
   ▪Generally involve repeated contacts or events from
   the point of view of the victim
   ▪Do not usually involve the use of software
   ▪Examples: cyberstalking, harassment, child
   predation, extortion
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   Other Classification Schemes (3 of 3)
   •Anderson developed a more recent classification in 2012
   –Primarily to derive estimates of the costs of computer crime
   –Traditional crimes that are now “cyber” because the are
   conducted primarily online.
   –Transitional crimes that have changed with the advent of the
   Internet
   –New crimes that have originated since the advent of the
   Internet
   –Crimes that facilitate other crimes through the misuse of
   computers