Lakhasly

Introduction to networking Section_ 3 E.M.A Medium MediumAccessAccessControlControl(MAC),(MAC),alsoalsoknownknownasasMediaMediaAccessAccessControl,Control,isisaasetsetofofrulesrulesandandproceduresproceduresthatthatgoverngovernhowhowmultiplemultipledevicesdevicesshareshareaasinglesinglesharedsharedtransmissiontransmissionmediummediumininaanetworknetwork..It'sIt'saacrucialcrucialcomponentcomponentofofthethedatadatalinklinklayerlayer(Layer(Layer22))ofofthetheOSIOSImodelmodel..?Function:Function:Packages data into frames, adds error detection and correction mechanisms (like checksums), Packages data into frames, adds error detection and correction mechanisms (like checksums), and controls access to the physical medium using protocols like Carrier Sense Multiple Access with and controls access to the physical medium using protocols like Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD).Collision Detection (CSMA/CD).?ProtocolsProtocols::DefinesDefinesthetheelectrical,electrical,mechanical,mechanical,andandoperationaloperationalspecificationsspecificationsforfortransmittingtransmittingdata,data,includingincludingvoltagevoltagelevels,levels,cablecablepinouts,pinouts,andandsignalsignalencoding/decodingencoding/decoding..?CarrierCarrierSenseSenseMultipleMultipleAccessAccesswithwithCollisionCollisionAvoidanceAvoidance(CSMA/CA)(CSMA/CA)::UsedUsedininWiWi--FiFiandandotherotherwirelesswirelessnetworks,networks,wherewheredevicesdevicesavoidavoidcollisionscollisionsbybysendingsendingaarequestrequesttototransmittransmit(RTS)(RTS)beforebeforesendingsendingdatadataandandwaitingwaitingforforaaclearcleartotosendsend(CTS)(CTS)responseresponse..?TransmissionTransmissionControlControlProtocolProtocol((TCPTCP)): TCPTCPisisaaconnectionconnection--orientatedorientatedprotocolprotocolthatthatoffersoffersgreatergreaterreliabilityreliabilitywhenwhenititcomescomestototransportingtransportingdatadatathanthanwhatwhatUDPUDPprovidesprovides..WithWithTCP,TCP,thetheapplicationapplicationwhichwhichsendssendsthethedatadatareceivesreceivesacknowledgmentacknowledgmentororverificationverificationthatthatthethedatadatawaswasactuallyactuallyreceivedreceived..ItItisisusedusedforformanymanyprotocols,protocols,includingincludingHTTPHTTPwebwebbrowsingbrowsingandandemailemailtransfertransferwherewherelosslesslosslessdatadatatransfertransferisisimportantimportant..IndividualIndividualunitsunitsofofdatadatatransmissiontransmissionininthetheTCPTCPprotocolprotocolarearereferredreferredtotoasassegmentssegments..?Protocols:Protocols:Ethernet, WiEthernet, Wi--Fi (IEEE Fi (IEEE 802.11802.11), Frame Relay, Point), Frame Relay, Point--toto--Point Protocol (PPP).Point Protocol (PPP).?UserUserDatagramDatagramProtocolProtocol((UDPUDP))::UDPUDPisisaaconnectionlessconnectionlessprotocolprotocolthatthatdoesdoesnotnotprovideprovidereliablereliabledatadatatransporttransport..NoNoacknowledgmentsacknowledgmentsarearetransmittedtransmitted..ThisThisprotocolprotocolgivesgivesaahigherhigherthroughputthroughputandandshortershorterlatencylatencyandandisisoftenoftenusedusedforformulticasting,multicasting,broadcastingbroadcastingandandrealreal--timetimemultimediamultimediacommunicationcommunicationwherewhereoccasionaloccasionalpacketpacketlosslossisisacceptableacceptable..MessagesMessagessentsentwithwithUDPUDParearereferredreferredtotoasasdatagramsdatagrams..The OSI The OSI 77--layers modellayers model The TheOSIOSImodel,model,alsoalsoknownknownasasthetheOpenOpenSystemsSystemsInterconnectionInterconnectionmodel,model,isisaaconceptualconceptualframeworkframeworkusedusedtotodescribedescribenetworknetworkcommunicationcommunication..ItItdefinesdefinessevensevendifferentdifferentlayers,layers,eacheachwithwithspecificspecificfunctionalitiesfunctionalitiesandandresponsibilitiesresponsibilities..?TheTheSessionSessionLayerLayerprovidesprovidesprocessprocesstotoprocessprocesscommunicationscommunicationsbetweenbetweentwotwoorormoremorenetworkednetworkedhostshosts..ThisThislayerlayerisisresponsibleresponsibleforformaintainingmaintainingproperpropercommunicationcommunicationbybyestablishing,establishing,managingmanagingandandterminatingterminatingsessionssessions(a(apropertypropertyofofTCP)TCP)betweenbetweentwotwonodesnodes..ItIttakestakescarecareofofgracefullygracefullyclosingclosingsessionssessionsandandforforsessionsessioncheckcheckpointingpointingandandrecoveryrecovery..?ConnectionConnection--oriented:oriented:Guarantees inGuarantees in--order delivery of data packets and errororder delivery of data packets and error--free transmission (e.g., free transmission (e.g., TCP).TCP).Uses routing protocols like Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) or Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) to determine the best path for data to travel.(BGP) to determine the best path for data to travel.?Additional functionalities:Additional functionalities:Performs network address translation (NAT) to allow private IP addresses to Performs network address translation (NAT) to allow private IP addresses to communicate on the public internet.communicate on the public internet.?Additional functionalities:Additional functionalities:Provides logical addressing (MAC addresses) for identifying devices on the same Provides logical addressing (MAC addresses) for identifying devices on the same network segment.network segment.?Protocols:Protocols:Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), port numbers.Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), port numbers.Uses routing protocols like Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) or Border Gateway Protocol addresses).?FunctionFunction::EstablishesEstablishesthethephysicalphysicalconnectionconnectionbetweenbetweendevicesdevicesandandtransmitstransmitsrawrawdatadatabitsbitsthroughthroughaaphysicalphysicalmediummediumlikelikecablescables(copper,(copper,fiberfiberoptic)optic)ororwirelesswirelesssignalssignals(radio(radiowaves)waves)..?UnicastUnicast::oneone--toto--oneonecommunication,communication,wherewheredatadataisistransmittedtransmittedfromfromaasinglesinglesourcesourcetotoaasinglesingledestinationdestination..?MulticastMulticast::OneOne--toto--manymanycommunication,communication,wherewheredatadataisissentsenttotoaagroupgroupofofdevicesdevicessimultaneouslysimultaneously..?BroadcastBroadcast::OneOne--toto--allallcommunication,communication,wherewheredatadataisissentsenttotoeveryeverydevicedeviceononthethenetworknetwork..Transmission Types: Transmission Types: Transmission Transmissiontypestypesreferrefertotothethedifferentdifferentmethodsmethodsusedusedtototransmittransmitdatadatabetweenbetweendevicesdevicesininaacommunicationcommunicationsystemsystem..TheyTheydefinedefinehowhowinformationinformationisispackaged,packaged,sent,sent,andandreceived,received,ensuringensuringreliablereliableandandefficientefficientdatadataexchangeexchange..????????????????????

Introduction to networking
Section_ 3
E.M.A
Medium
MediumAccessAccessControlControl(MAC),(MAC),alsoalsoknownknownasasMediaMediaAccessAccessControl,Control,isisaasetsetofofrulesrulesandandproceduresproceduresthatthatgoverngovernhowhowmultiplemultipledevicesdevicesshareshareaasinglesinglesharedsharedtransmissiontransmissionmediummediumininaanetworknetwork..It'sIt'saacrucialcrucialcomponentcomponentofofthethedatadatalinklinklayerlayer(Layer(Layer22))ofofthetheOSIOSImodelmodel..
Medium Access Control :
Medium Access Control :
Common Media access control methods:
Common Media access control methods:
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➢CarrierCarrierSenseSenseMultipleMultipleAccessAccesswithwithCollisionCollisionDetectionDetection(CSMA/CD)(CSMA/CD)::WidelyWidelyusedusedininearlyearlyEthernetEthernetnetworks,networks,wherewheredevicesdeviceslistenlistenforforongoingongoingtransmissionstransmissionsbeforebeforesendingsendingdatadataandandimplementimplementbackoffbackoffmechanismsmechanismsinincasecaseofofcollisionscollisions..
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➢CarrierCarrierSenseSenseMultipleMultipleAccessAccesswithwithCollisionCollisionAvoidanceAvoidance(CSMA/CA)(CSMA/CA)::UsedUsedininWiWi--FiFiandandotherotherwirelesswirelessnetworks,networks,wherewheredevicesdevicesavoidavoidcollisionscollisionsbybysendingsendingaarequestrequesttototransmittransmit(RTS)(RTS)beforebeforesendingsendingdatadataandandwaitingwaitingforforaaclearcleartotosendsend(CTS)(CTS)responseresponse..

➢TokenTokenRingRing::DevicesDevicespasspassaaspecialspecialtokentokenaroundaroundthethenetworknetworkininaacircularcircularfashionfashion..OnlyOnlythethedevicedeviceholdingholdingthethetokentokencancantransmittransmitdata,data,ensuringensuringorderlyorderlyandandefficientefficientcommunicationcommunication..
Communication methods:
Communication methods:
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➢UnicastUnicast::oneone--toto--oneonecommunication,communication,wherewheredatadataisistransmittedtransmittedfromfromaasinglesinglesourcesourcetotoaasinglesingledestinationdestination..
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➢MulticastMulticast::OneOne--toto--manymanycommunication,communication,wherewheredatadataisissentsenttotoaagroupgroupofofdevicesdevicessimultaneouslysimultaneously..

➢BroadcastBroadcast::OneOne--toto--allallcommunication,communication,wherewheredatadataisissentsenttotoeveryeverydevicedeviceononthethenetworknetwork..
Transmission Types:
Transmission Types:
Transmission
Transmissiontypestypesreferrefertotothethedifferentdifferentmethodsmethodsusedusedtototransmittransmitdatadatabetweenbetweendevicesdevicesininaacommunicationcommunicationsystemsystem..TheyTheydefinedefinehowhowinformationinformationisispackaged,packaged,sent,sent,andandreceived,received,ensuringensuringreliablereliableandandefficientefficientdatadataexchangeexchange..
Common transmission types based on direction:
Common transmission types based on direction:
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➢SimplexSimplex::DataDatatransmissiontransmissionoccursoccursininoneonedirectiondirectiononlyonly..InformationInformationflowsflowsfromfromaasinglesinglesourcesourcedevicedevicetotoaadestinationdestinationdevice,device,butbutnotnotthetheotherotherwaywayaroundaround..ExamplesExamplesincludeinclude::

▪TelevisionTelevisionbroadcastingbroadcasting::SignalsSignalsarearesentsentfromfromaasinglesinglesourcesource(broadcasting(broadcastingstation)station)totomanymanyreceiversreceivers(TVs)(TVs)..
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➢HalfHalf--duplexduplex::CommunicationCommunicationcancanhappenhappeninintwotwodirectionsdirections,,butbutonlyonlyoneonedirectiondirectionatataatimetime..DevicesDevicestaketaketurnsturnstransmittingtransmittingandandreceivingreceivingdatadata..ExamplesExamplesincludeinclude::

▪WalkieWalkie--talkiestalkies::UsersUserscancanonlyonlytalktalkoneoneatataatime,time,requiringrequiringthemthemtotopresspressaabuttonbuttontototransmittransmitandandreleasereleaseitittotoreceivereceive..
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➢FullFull--duplexduplex::EnablesEnablessimultaneoussimultaneoustransmissiontransmissionandandreceptionreceptionofofdatadataininbothbothdirectionsdirections..ThisThisisiscommonlycommonlyusedusedinin::
•
•TelephoneTelephoneconversationsconversations::BothBothpartiespartiescancanspeakspeakandandhearheareacheachotherotheratatthethesamesametimetime..
•
•EthernetEthernetnetworksnetworks::DevicesDevicescancansendsendandandreceivereceivedatadatapacketspacketsconcurrentlyconcurrently..
•
•VideoVideoconferencingconferencing::ParticipantsParticipantscancanseeseeandandhearheareacheachotherothersimultaneouslysimultaneously..
The OSI
The OSI 77--layers modellayers model
The
TheOSIOSImodel,model,alsoalsoknownknownasasthetheOpenOpenSystemsSystemsInterconnectionInterconnectionmodel,model,isisaaconceptualconceptualframeworkframeworkusedusedtotodescribedescribenetworknetworkcommunicationcommunication..ItItdefinesdefinessevensevendifferentdifferentlayers,layers,eacheachwithwithspecificspecificfunctionalitiesfunctionalitiesandandresponsibilitiesresponsibilities..

➢Function:Function:Provides network services directly to user applications. Offers functionalities like:Provides network services directly to user applications. Offers functionalities like:

▪File transfer (FTP)File transfer (FTP)

▪Web browsing (HTTP)Web browsing (HTTP)
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▪Email (SMTP, POPEmail (SMTP, POP33, IMAP), IMAP)

▪Remote access (SSH)Remote access (SSH)

▪Video conferencingVideo conferencing
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➢Protocols:Protocols:HTTP, HTTP, FTP,etcFTP,etc..
Layer
Layer 77: Application: Application
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➢Function:Function:Deals with data formatting and presentation, ensuring compatibility between Deals with data formatting and presentation, ensuring compatibility between different systems. Handles tasks like:different systems. Handles tasks like:

▪Encryption and decryption of data for secure communication.Encryption and decryption of data for secure communication.

▪Data compression to optimize transmission efficiency.Data compression to optimize transmission efficiency.
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▪Character set conversion (e.g., ASCII to EBCDIC).Character set conversion (e.g., ASCII to EBCDIC).
Layer
Layer 66: Presentation: Presentation
Layer
Layer 55: Session: Session

➢ManagingManagingcommunicationcommunicationsessionssessions

➢TheTheSessionSessionLayerLayerprovidesprovidesprocessprocesstotoprocessprocesscommunicationscommunicationsbetweenbetweentwotwoorormoremorenetworkednetworkedhostshosts..ThisThislayerlayerisisresponsibleresponsibleforformaintainingmaintainingproperpropercommunicationcommunicationbybyestablishing,establishing,managingmanagingandandterminatingterminatingsessionssessions(a(apropertypropertyofofTCP)TCP)betweenbetweentwotwonodesnodes..ItIttakestakescarecareofofgracefullygracefullyclosingclosingsessionssessionsandandforforsessionsessioncheckcheckpointingpointingandandrecoveryrecovery..

➢ControlsControlswhetherwhetherthethedatadatabeingbeingexchangedexchangedininaasessionsessionarearetransmittedtransmittedasasfullfullororhalfhalfduplexduplexmessagesmessages..
Layer
Layer 44: Transport: Transport

➢Function:Function:Provides reliable and efficient data transfer services between applications on different devices. Provides reliable and efficient data transfer services between applications on different devices. Offers two main service types:Offers two main service types:

▪ConnectionConnection--oriented:oriented:Guarantees inGuarantees in--order delivery of data packets and errororder delivery of data packets and error--free transmission (e.g., free transmission (e.g., TCP).TCP).

▪Connectionless:Connectionless:Offers faster, less reliable data transfer without establishing a connection (e.g., UDP).Offers faster, less reliable data transfer without establishing a connection (e.g., UDP).

➢Protocols:Protocols:Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), port numbers.Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), port numbers.

➢UserUserDatagramDatagramProtocolProtocol((UDPUDP))::UDPUDPisisaaconnectionlessconnectionlessprotocolprotocolthatthatdoesdoesnotnotprovideprovidereliablereliabledatadatatransporttransport..NoNoacknowledgmentsacknowledgmentsarearetransmittedtransmitted..ThisThisprotocolprotocolgivesgivesaahigherhigherthroughputthroughputandandshortershorterlatencylatencyandandisisoftenoftenusedusedforformulticasting,multicasting,broadcastingbroadcastingandandrealreal--timetimemultimediamultimediacommunicationcommunicationwherewhereoccasionaloccasionalpacketpacketlosslossisisacceptableacceptable..MessagesMessagessentsentwithwithUDPUDParearereferredreferredtotoasasdatagramsdatagrams..

➢TransmissionTransmissionControlControlProtocolProtocol((TCPTCP)): TCPTCPisisaaconnectionconnection--orientatedorientatedprotocolprotocolthatthatoffersoffersgreatergreaterreliabilityreliabilitywhenwhenititcomescomestototransportingtransportingdatadatathanthanwhatwhatUDPUDPprovidesprovides..WithWithTCP,TCP,thetheapplicationapplicationwhichwhichsendssendsthethedatadatareceivesreceivesacknowledgmentacknowledgmentororverificationverificationthatthatthethedatadatawaswasactuallyactuallyreceivedreceived..ItItisisusedusedforformanymanyprotocols,protocols,includingincludingHTTPHTTPwebwebbrowsingbrowsingandandemailemailtransfertransferwherewherelosslesslosslessdatadatatransfertransferisisimportantimportant..IndividualIndividualunitsunitsofofdatadatatransmissiontransmissionininthetheTCPTCPprotocolprotocolarearereferredreferredtotoasassegmentssegments..
UDP & TCP protocols
UDP & TCP protocols
Layer
Layer 33: Network: Network

➢Function:Function:Responsible for routing data packets across networks based on their logical addresses (IP Responsible for routing data packets across networks based on their logical addresses (IP addresses). Uses routing protocols like Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) or Border Gateway Protocol addresses). Uses routing protocols like Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) or Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) to determine the best path for data to travel.(BGP) to determine the best path for data to travel.

➢Protocols:Protocols:Internet Protocol (IP), Address Resolution Protocol (ARP).Internet Protocol (IP), Address Resolution Protocol (ARP).

➢Additional functionalities:Additional functionalities:Performs network address translation (NAT) to allow private IP addresses to Performs network address translation (NAT) to allow private IP addresses to communicate on the public internet.communicate on the public internet.

➢Function:Function:Packages data into frames, adds error detection and correction mechanisms (like checksums), Packages data into frames, adds error detection and correction mechanisms (like checksums), and controls access to the physical medium using protocols like Carrier Sense Multiple Access with and controls access to the physical medium using protocols like Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD).Collision Detection (CSMA/CD).

➢Protocols:Protocols:Ethernet, WiEthernet, Wi--Fi (IEEE Fi (IEEE 802.11802.11), Frame Relay, Point), Frame Relay, Point--toto--Point Protocol (PPP).Point Protocol (PPP).

➢Additional functionalities:Additional functionalities:Provides logical addressing (MAC addresses) for identifying devices on the same Provides logical addressing (MAC addresses) for identifying devices on the same network segment.network segment.
Layer
Layer 22: Data: Data--linklink

➢FunctionFunction::EstablishesEstablishesthethephysicalphysicalconnectionconnectionbetweenbetweendevicesdevicesandandtransmitstransmitsrawrawdatadatabitsbitsthroughthroughaaphysicalphysicalmediummediumlikelikecablescables(copper,(copper,fiberfiberoptic)optic)ororwirelesswirelesssignalssignals(radio(radiowaves)waves)..

➢ProtocolsProtocols::DefinesDefinesthetheelectrical,electrical,mechanical,mechanical,andandoperationaloperationalspecificationsspecificationsforfortransmittingtransmittingdata,data,includingincludingvoltagevoltagelevels,levels,cablecablepinouts,pinouts,andandsignalsignalencoding/decodingencoding/decoding..
Layer
Layer 11: Physical: Physical
Task
Task
•
•Talk about OSI Talk about OSI 77--layers model.layers model.
Thanks
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