Lakhasly

Bruxism is a behavior characterized by clenching and/or grinding of teeth, and/or by bracing or thrusting of the jaw muscles [1,2].While upper facial movements were unaffected, the deficits in lower facial mobility underscore the broader neuromuscular implications of bruxism.First-line therapy involves raising the patient's awareness to monitor his parafunctional and del etere behavior, and consequently to change and stop it. We will first clarify the definition and physiopathology of bruxism in the light of recent publications in addition to outlining the epidemiology with the various signs and etiological factors, as well as the different comor-Bidities.Genetics, Environment, and lifestyle factors have been associated with increased susceptibility of AB occurrence in dif-ferent age groups [4].But if occlusion is our concern both functionally and aesthetically, we must also monitor its physiological evolution Clearer knowledge of these features will enable dental professionals to better screen those patients at risk and monitor them in order to prevent any worsening of their condition, whatever the prognosis, and to ask the relevant questions concerning potential risks for further growth in relation to temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD).Research by Manfredini et al. (2009) identified stress and psychosocial factors as primary contributors to AB. Importantly, these stressors not only exacerbate bruxism but can also perpetuate a cycle of worsening symptoms, impacting overall well-being.A study by Salah et al. (2022) found that individuals with bruxism exhibited significantly reduced lower facial movement coordination, particularly during tasks requiring dynamic facial expression.Therefore, this clinical study aimed to evaluate AB frequency in college preparatory students and its correlation with levels of anxiety, depression, stress, and Oral health-Related quality of life (OHRQoL). Although previous studies [15-17] have tried to associate the presence of oral parafunctions with the academic stage (high school, undergraduate, graduate), the correlation between AB frequency and psychological factors has not been described.Prevalence and Epidemiology Bruxism is a common condition worldwide, affecting approximately 12.8% of people for SB and between 22% and 31% for AB, based on population studies (Manfredini et al., 2013).Adolescents and young adults are disproportionately affected, with prevalence peaking in this demographic due to various factors, including academic stress, digital media usage, and erratic sleep patterns.Some authors [9] demonstrated high prevalence of TMD signs and symptoms in college preparatory stu- dents, which were associated with emotional tension, anxiety, and oral parafunctions.1).

Bruxism is a behavior characterized by clenching and/or grinding of
teeth, and/or by bracing or thrusting of the jaw muscles [1,2].
Clarification of these elements will allow the dentist to better know
how to screen these patients at risk, how to monitor them and
prevent worsening of disorders, establish the prognosis of a
possible risk in relation to growth, in relation to a dysfunction of the
masticatory system (DAM)? This protocol may not be easy,
especially in young children, and in this case, cognitive behavioral
therapies and biofeedback techniques can also be used in the case
of wakefulness bruxism.
The purpose of this article is not to present the different forms of
wear encountered; It is specially devoted to the different forms of
bruxism in children and adolescents. We will first specify the
definition and physiopathology in the light of recent publications,
the epidemiology, the signs and etiological factors, as well as their
comorbidities. Therefore, this clinical study aimed to evaluate AB
frequency in college preparatory students and its correlation with
levels of anxiety, depression, stress, and Oral health-Related quality
of life (OHRQoL).
The dental occlusion of young patients is the everyday business of
dental professionals. But if occlusion is our concern both
functionally and aesthetically, we must also monitor its
physiological evolution
Clearer knowledge of these features will enable dental
professionals to better screen those patients at risk and monitor
them in order to prevent any worsening of their condition, whatever
the prognosis, and to ask the relevant questions concerning
potential risks for further growth in relation to temporomandibular
dysfunction (TMD). But a better understanding of BS is desirable,
particularly because of its potential association with psychological
disorders in children.
This evolution can in some cases be accompanied by exaggerated
wear lesions [1], particularly of parafunctional origin (fig. 1).
Although previous studies [15-17] have tried to associate the
presence of oral parafunctions with the academic stage (high
school, undergraduate, graduate), the correlation between AB
frequency and psychological factors has not been described.
The international literature formulates adapted therapeutic
proposals that will be discussed at the end of the article. First-line
therapy involves raising the patient’s awareness to monitor his
parafunctional and del etere behavior, and consequently to change
and stop it. We will first clarify the definition and physiopathology of
bruxism in the light of recent publications in addition to outlining the
epidemiology with the various signs and etiological factors, as well
as the different comor-Bidities.Genetics, Environment, and lifestyle
factors have been associated with increased susceptibility of AB
occurrence in dif-ferent age groups [4]. Some authors [9]
demonstrated high prevalence of TMD signs and symptoms in
college preparatory stu- dents, which were associated with
emotional tension, anxiety, and oral parafunctions. Emotional
factors may induce AB, and higher could lead to orofacial pain, which would, cyclically, worsen
psychological symptoms .
frequencies of this behavior
The intricate relationship between physical health, mental
well-being, and behavior is increasingly recognized as
pivotal in addressing the complex problems presented by
TMD, bruxism, and SLD. While these disorders differ in
presentation, they share common grounds of multi factorial
etiologies and significant impacts on the quality of life. A
study of their etiology, prevalence, and outcomes provides
important insight into preventive measures, therapeutic
interventions, and comprehensive care approaches.
TMD are a group of disorders affecting the masticatory
muscles, the temporomandibular joints, and associated
structures. The symptoms of TMD often include pain,
restriction of mandibular movements, and joint sounds, all
of which negatively contribute to an individual's quality of
life. Among students at higher learning institutions, there is
a higher prevalence of TMD, as various studies have
reported prevalence at 31% to 68%. Stress, anxiety, and
certain behavioral activities such as grinding and unilateral
chewing have been found to be significant predictors. Given
its prevalence and potential long-term sequelae, early
diagnosis and effective management of TMD are
recommended. One recent study developed the risk
prediction nomogram adapted for university students by
taking into consideration psychological, behavioral, and
occlusal factors, which can help prepare clinicians with an
appropriate selection of treatment for the patients
according to individual needs (s12903-024-04832-3).
Bruxism is a condition that involves repetitive jaw muscle
activity causing clenching or grinding of the teeth. It shares
several etiological and clinical features with TMD. The
condition is usually classified into sleep bruxism (SB). Stress, anxiety, and lifestyle factors are
common causes of this condition. Dental students, who
usually have high academic pressure, are more prone to
bruxism. Despite the recognition of symptoms, such as
tooth wear, jaw discomfort, and muscle fatigue, many
students demonstrate limited understanding of its
multifactorial causes and the various modes of treatment
available. Dental-focused research emphasized a greater
need for educational campaigns and educational efforts to
decrease bruxism prevalence and to improve both self-care
measures and patient outcomes (s12903-024-04997-x).
Specific learning disorders further typify the interaction
between behavioral issues and mental wellbeing. The SLDs-
dyslexia, which affects reading, dysgraphia, affecting
writing, and dyscalculia, which involves problems with
mathematics-affect approximately 5-15% of children of
school age in the world. These are neurodevelopmental
conditions that are mostly complicated by psychiatric
comorbidities like ADHD, anxiety, and depression. In
addition, these comorbidities increase the intensity of the
clinical manifestation of SLD but have a major influence on
the prognosis that requires targeted intervention. A
systematic review on research involving children with
specific learning disabilities demonstrated that comorbid
conditions were highest among ADHD cases, followed by
anxiety and depression. These findings point toward the
need for multidisciplinary approach toward diagnosis and
treatment for SLD, bringing together education with
psychological and psychiatric interventions (s43163-020-
00054-w).
Gaining an understanding of the association between the
various conditions imparts an expanded view of how
psychological, behavioral factors may interact with physical
health. These more often than not emerge as important awake bruxism (AB) and
factors, be it with regard to TMD in young adults, bruxism
in high-stress academic settings, or psychiatric
comorbidities among children with SLD. These findings
further stress the need for predictive modeling, increasing
awareness, and the implementation of early interventions
as effective measures in dealing with these problems. By
focusing on prevention and tailored treatment approaches,
clinicians are able to provide better care for individuals
across diverse age groups and educational contexts.
Bruxism, commonly referred to as teeth grinding or jaw clenching, is a condition that
significantly affects individuals' well-being across all age groups. It occurs in two primary
forms: sleep bruxism (SB), which happens involuntarily during sleep, and awake
bruxism (AB), characterized by clenching or grinding while awake. Traditionally viewed
as a harmful parafunctional activity, recent research has redefined bruxism as a
complex phenomenon with both negative and potentially neutral or positive effects, However, its adverse impacts particularly among youth warrant urgent attention. Prevalence and Epidemiology
Bruxism is a common condition worldwide, affecting approximately 12.8% of people for
SB and between 22% and 31% for AB, based on population studies (Manfredini et al., 2013). Adolescents and young adults are disproportionately affected, with prevalence
peaking in this demographic due to various factors, including academic stress, digital
media usage, and erratic sleep patterns. These stressors contribute to an increased risk
of AB, particularly in environments where psychosocial pressures are high. The
widespread occurrence of bruxism in youth poses unique challenges, as it often
coincides with critical periods of emotional and physical development. Consequences of Bruxism
The impacts of bruxism extend beyond dental health, affecting individuals' overall
quality of life. On a physiological level, bruxism is associated with tooth wear, jaw pain,
temporomandibular disorders (TMD), and orofacial pain. These conditions can result in
functional limitations, such as difficulty chewing, speaking, and even sleeping, which
disproportionately impact younger individuals due to their active lifestyles and academic
demands. Furthermore, bruxism has been linked to deficits in facial coordination and movement. A
study by Salah et al. (2022) found that individuals with bruxism exhibited significantly
reduced lower facial movement coordination, particularly during tasks requiring dynamic
facial expression. This impairment can hinder communication and social interaction—
two critical aspects of youth development. While upper facial movements were
unaffected, the deficits in lower facial mobility underscore the broader neuromuscular
implications of bruxism.
Stress and Psychosocial Influences
Stress plays a pivotal role in the development of bruxism, especially AB. For
adolescents and young adults, academic pressures, social challenges, and the constant
presence of digital technology create a perfect storm of triggers. Research by
Manfredini et al. (2009) identified stress and psychosocial factors as primary
contributors to AB. Importantly, these stressors not only exacerbate bruxism but can
also perpetuate a cycle of worsening symptoms, impacting overall well-being.