Lakhasly

1.Addiction is a complex, chronic brain disorder characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use despite harmful consequences.NF-?B, a transcription factor central to innate immunity, further bridges neuroimmune interactions: its activation in microglia drives neuroinflammatory cascades in conditions like Alzheimer's disease, while neuronal NF-?B may exert protective effects .3.Among substance use disorders, psychostimulant addiction encompassing substances like cocaine, amphetamines, and synthetic cathinones has emerged as a critical public health challenge, linked to severe neurobiological alterations and systemic health complications.2.Globally, addiction affects approximately 10% of the population, with rising prevalence attributed to biological vulnerabilities, environmental stressors, and social determinants .4.Methamphetamine, a potent synthetic stimulant, exemplifies the neurotoxic consequences of chronic psychostimulant use.6.

1.Addiction is a complex, chronic brain disorder characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use despite harmful consequences. It is recognized as a major public health concern worldwide, affecting approximately 10% of the population, with this percentage increasing over time. 2.Globally, addiction affects approximately 10% of the population, with rising prevalence attributed to biological vulnerabilities, environmental stressors, and social determinants . 3.Among substance use disorders, psychostimulant addiction encompassing substances like cocaine, amphetamines, and synthetic cathinones has emerged as a critical public health challenge, linked to severe neurobiological alterations and systemic health complications. 4.Methamphetamine, a potent synthetic stimulant, exemplifies the neurotoxic consequences of chronic psychostimulant use. Its mechanism involves presynaptic monoamine release and reuptake inhibition, leading to dopamine surges that disrupt reward processing and executive control . 5.Captagon, originally a pharmaceutical medication that has evolved into a widely abused illicit substance, represents a complex intersection of medical innovation, geopolitical conflict, and drug trafficking. Once developed as a treatment for conditions including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy, Captagon now circulates primarily as an illegal drug with significant presence in the Middle East and growing international concerns . 6. Chronic methamphetamine use elevates TNF-α levels, correlating with neuropsychiatric complications like psychosis and cognitive decline . NF-κB, a transcription factor central to innate immunity, further bridges neuroimmune interactions: its activation in microglia drives neuroinflammatory cascades in conditions like Alzheimer’s disease, while neuronal NF-κB may exert protective effects .