Lakhasly

This text details the constituents and uses of various seeds (Nigella sativa, castor, coffee, colchicum, horse chestnut, pumpkin, and evening primrose), followed by a description of fruit types and their diagnostic features. Key seed constituents include alkaloids (e.g., caffeine, colchicine, ricinine), fatty acids (omega-3, omega-6, GLA), and other compounds like thymoquinone and saponins. Uses range from immunostimulant and anti-inflammatory properties to laxative and cytotoxic effects. Fruit types are categorized as true, false, dehiscent, and schizocarpic, based on their development and seed dispersal mechanisms. Diagnostic features of fruit layers (epicarp, mesocarp, endocarp) are described, highlighting characteristics like cuticle type, presence of hairs, vascular bundle arrangement, and crystal formations for identification purposes.

What are the main constituents and uses of Nigella sativa seed ءادوسلا ةبحلا? Black seed Main constituents are Volatile oils mainly thymoquinone. – Gamma linoleic acid (Omega 6) – Alpha linolenic acid (Omega 3). Used as Immunostimulant – Antitumor – Anti-asthmatic – Carminative - Arteriosclerosis. What are the main constituents and uses of Castor seed عورخلا رذب? Castor seed Main constituents are F.O - Alkaloid {Ricinine} – Toxic protein {Ricin}. Used as Laxative before X-Ray examination of GIT. Cannot be ingested as a row seed {Toxic} because of the ricin What are the main constituents and uses of roasted Coffee seed ةوهقلا رذب? Roasted coffee seed Main constituents are Caffeine alkaloid - tannins. Used as Diuretic, CNS Stimulant, Astringent. Roasting liberate caffeine, caffeole odour, darkness}. Coffee can be tested by Murexide Test {caffeine} gives crimson red then violet What are the main constituents and uses of Colchicum seed حلاحلا رذب? Colchicum seed Main constituents are Colchicine alkaloid, resin. Used as Anti-gout Cytotoxic in cancer – Polyploidy What are the main constituents and uses of Horse chest nut ناصحلا ةورف وبا رذب ? Horse chest nut Main constituents are Triterpenoid Saponin α and β Escin – Flavones – Coumarins - Tannins. Used in Varicose veins – hemorrhoids – anti-edema and anti-inflammatory. What are the main constituents and uses of Pumpkin seed عرقلا وأ نيطقبلا رذب? Main constituents are Unsaturated fatty acids - Phytosterols - Selenium. Used as Prostatitis {BPH Benign Prostate Hyperplasia} - Male infertility - Baldness - Atherosclerosis. What are the constituents and uses of Evening primrose seed عيبرلا ةرهز رذب ةيئاسملا? Evening primrose seed Main constituents are Evening primrose oil = EPO γ-linolenic acid (GLA) Omega-6. Used in Diabetic neuropathy - Premenstrual syndrome – Eczema - psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis What is the meaning of Fruits? Plant organs resulting from fertilization of mature gynoecium (Ovary + Style + Stigma) What is the meaning of True fruit? Fruit resulting from fertilized gynoecium only {Citrus}

What is the meaning of False fruit? Fruit resulting from fertilized gynoecium + receptacle {e.g. apple} What is the meaning of Dehiscent fruits? Fruits open and release their seeds {Legume splits along dorsal and ventral suture like senna pods - Capsules open by loculicidal valves like cardamom} What is the meaning of Schizocarpic fruits (Cremocarp)? Fruits splitting into two parts each part is called mericarp each mericarp contains its seed {umbelliferous fruits} = Splitting into 2 indehiscent parts {Mericarps} What are the layers composing any fruit? Epicarp – Mesocarp – Endocarp {Endocarp contains seeds} How can Epicarp be a diagnostic for each fruit? With smooth cuticle (Fennel) or striated cuticle (Anise) or papillosed (Ammi majus) with paracytic stomata (Senna pods) anomocytic stomata (Fennel), with hairs (Anise and Senna pods), or without hairs (Colocynth), with content prisms (Ammi majus) or without content (Capsicum) How can Mesocarp be a diagnostic for each fruit? Collenchyma under primary ridges {umbelliferous fruits} - Vascular bundles under primary ridges {umbelliferous fruits} – Interrupted with V.B {Capsicum} - Vitteae = schizogenous ducts {Umbelliferous fruits} - Oil glands {bitter orange peel}. How can innermost layer of the mesocarp be diagnostic for each fruit? Giant cells {Capsicum} - Porous layer {Ammi visnaga} - Beaded {Coriander} - Parenchyma contain prisms of Ca. oxalate forming crystal sheath (Senna pods) How can endocarp be diagnostic for each fruit? Parquetry = arranged in different planes (Fennel) - Non-parquetry arranged in one plane (Anise) - Indistinct parquetry (Ammi visnaga) – interrupted by islets of Sclerides (Capsicum