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Materials and Resources (MR o MR |Materials and subassemblies can be considered "products" for certification purposes. The C2C products are products circulated in closed loops that are different from cradle-to-grave products that accepts disposal as part of a product's life cycle. One important fact about C2C certification is that it does not address any performance measures as it only defines quality statement. Closed loop lifecycles are allowing the product to be waste-free without any damage to the environment. There are 5 levels of certifications which are; Basic, Bronze, Silver, Gold, and Platinum. The minimum level of achievement in any of the five categories ultimately determines the final certification level. The product and its certification level along with the final scorecard will be listed on the Cradle to Cradle Products Innovation Institute's website (http://c2ccertified.org). 2. Environemental Product declaration (EPD) Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) is an independently verified and registered document that communicates transparent and comparable information about the life-cycle environmental impact of products associated with raw material extraction, energy use, chemical makeup, waste generation, and emission to air, soil, and water. EPDs can help in transforming the market for building products and materials for which life-cycle information is available and encourage manufacturers that have verified their environmental performance. The data collected in the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) can be summarized in an Environmental Product Declaration (EPD). It reports environmental data of products based on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), in accordance with the international standard ISO 14025 (Type III Environmental Declarations). A product category rule (PCR) defines the rules and requirements for EPDs of a certain product category. The PCR defines scope, boundaries, measurement procedures, impact measures and other technical requirements. PCR development is the responsibility of the EPD Program Operator and is often organized through standards organizations or industry associations or sponsored by private or government organizations. PCRs are vital for the concept of environmental declarations according to ISO 14025 as they enable transparency and comparability between different EPDs based on the same PCR. EPD Process A) Product Category Rule (PCR): Project teams should find the PCR that is related to the product required. If there isn't any PCR related, then a program operator should develop a specific one for the desired product type. B) Life Cycle Assessment: Goals and targets to be developed for the specific type of product. Data gathered are checked and validated. Product is assessed as per the environmental properties to make sure it meets the PCR requirements. C) Create, Verify, & Publish EPD: Utilize the LCA findings to develop an EPD for your product, according to ISO 14025 standard for Type III Environmental Declarations. A Program Operator will verify and register it, and will be made publicly available via the Program Operator's website. 3. Corporate Sustainability Reports Corporate sustainability reports (CSR) are third-party verified reports which include environmental impacts of extraction, activities associated with the manufacturer's product, and the product's supply chain. It describes practices that are focused on social and environmental characteristics. It also employs strategies to establish a process that fosters continuity through transparency. 03 MR | Selecting Environmental Materials LEED Acceptable CSR frameworks include the following:
Conservation of Building Materials Overview Conservation of building materials starts from the design as various factors should be considered to reduce the need for virgin and raw materials like extra built roads and asphalt, special types of materials used in design, and large spaces with no functional requirements.Topics related to Conservation of materials Design for adaptability and flexibility Reuse building structure elements Reuse building materials Maintain occupancy rates MR - Conservation of Building Materials and Products 1.2.3.2.3.4.
Materials and Resources (MR
• MR | Overview and Intent
• MR | Conservation of Building Materials and Products
• MR | Selecting Environmental Materials
• MR | Waste Management
• MR | Conclusion and Keywords
• MR | Quiz
Materials and Resources Overview
Building materials are the foundation of buildings and structures. Naturally occurring substances and
man-made products are used in construction to form and shape our built environment. Negative
impact of building materials are accounted during the whole life cycle that starts from extraction
point, to processing, manufacturing, transportation, usage, and final disposal.
Selecting sustainable and environmental materials significantly affect the environment and
occupant’s health. Life-cycle approach is encouraged to improve performance and promote
materials and resource efficiency.
Waste management is crucial for protecting the environment and reduce the needs for raw materials
through a set of strategies that can divert waste from landfills. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
ranks source reduction, reuse, recycling, and waste to energy as the four preferred strategies for
reducing waste. Conservation of existing materials and products also reduce the environmental
burden of extracting raw materials.
Triple bottom line
Sustainable: To reduce the amount of raw materials extraction, reduce carbon and greenhouse gas
emissions associated with manufacturing and transportation of materials and products, selecting
sustainable materials that are certified, badged, labeled, or harvested in a sustainable way.
Economical: To reduce the costs associated with extracting, processing, transporting, and
manufacturing of raw materials, and benefit from waste management practices to reuse, recycle, or
salvage of building waste materials and reduce costs of supplying new materials.
Social: To engage all building occupants in awareness sessions about environmental and sustainable
practices related to materials and products selection, educate people about waste management
practices in the operation period of the building, and contribute to the sustainability and environment.
Materials and Resources Intent
Conservation of Building Materials Overview
Conservation of building materials starts
from the design as various factors should
be considered to reduce the need for
virgin and raw materials like extra built
roads and asphalt, special types of
materials used in design, and large
spaces with no functional requirements.
In construction, salvaged materials can
be used instead of raw materials,
existing buildings can be conserved and
only portions that requires changing will
be replace with new materials.
Topics related to Conservation of materials
Design for adaptability and flexibility
Reuse building structure elements
Reuse building materials
Maintain occupancy rates
MR – Conservation of Building
Materials and Products
Design for Adaptability and Flexibility
A smaller adaptive design means
less construction materials will be
used, less demand for virgin
materials, and reduce waste
generation, and easier future
renovation. It will also have smaller
environmental impact compared to
large scale structures. A sustainable
building should be designed to use
appropriately-sized materials in the
most productive and sustainable
way across its entire life-cycle and is
adaptable for reuse during its life
cycle.
Using demountable partitions, and
modular and movable casework
will reduce waste generation and
also will avoid raw material
extraction for new walls. Oversizing
corridors, exit doors, and egress
stairs to accommodate higher
usage will cause less disruption
during future construction. Corridors
and stairways can support future
additions if designed with the
intention of future expansion
without demolition of occupied
spaces. Designing soft spaces for
more flexibility to refunction the
spaces.
Reuse Building Structure Elements
For existing buildings that will be
reoccupied or renovated, project
teams should analyze and assess
the existing structural elements and
confirm whether it can remain or
no.
The main goal of reusing existing
structural elements is to extend the
life cycle of existing buildings,
conserve resources, and reduce
construction waste while reducing
environmental impacts of new
buildings.
Reuse Building Materials
Another environmental strategy is to reuse or salvage the
existing materials and nonstructural elements included in the
interior of the building. The nonstructural elements includes
interior walls, doors, floor coverings, ceiling systems, etc...
Project teams should evaluate the interior nonstructural
components to determine what can be reused. A
comprehensive reuse management plan will aid in assessing
and analyzing the existing building holistically and determine
which areas and materials would be valuable to
reincorporate into the new development. Result of the
evaluation will determine whether the anticipated structural
and nonstructural elements saved will be enough for
meeting the credit requirements.
Maintain Occupancy Rates
LEED requires commitment from tenants
to remain in the space for 10 years or
more will guarantee that the interior
space will remain without huge
renovation or changes. The concept
behind the 10 years commitment is to
conserve materials as usually the
interior space design changes as per
each tenant and also the function it will
be used for. To conserve construction
materials and reduce waste, LEED for
existing buildings encourages projects
to get maintain occupancy rates
through tenant commitments
MR – Selecting Environmental Materials
Selecting Environmental Materials Overview
Building materials are having a significant environmental
impact internally, locally, and globally from extraction,
Manufacturing, transportation, and construction. Selection of
Sustainable and environmental building materials is minimizing
the impact drastically. Sustainable materials can be described
as abundant materials, non-toxic, have low embodied energy,
and doesn’t have negative health impacts.
Life cycle assessment (LCA) can be used to select
environmental materials as it determines the environmental
impacts of products, processes or services, through
production, usage, and disposal. In addition, life cycle costing
(LCC) can be used to determine the cost of the product over
the lifecycle. Some other products have ISO 14000
environmental labels that are considered as an assurance that
the material is sustainable
Generally, to be able to select proper environmental material, the process
should include the following steps:
A) Research: This step requires gathering all the technical properties
and information of the product or material including test data,
warranties, source of raw materials, regional and recycled material
content, durability, environmental certifications, and applicability to
local and environmental codes and regulations.
B) Evaluation: The assessment of all the gathered data and
information to verify correctness and to make sure the material is
complying with required regulations. The evaluation also takes into
account the comparison between different types of materials and
products and uses assessment tools like life cycle assessment to get
accurate results.
C) Selection: The final result of assessment will indicate
environmental attributes associated with a material and final
selection can be weighted to accommodate project-specific goals
and objectives.
Topics related to Selecting Environmental Materials
Cradle to Cradle Certified™ C2C Certified
Environnemental Product declaration (EPD)
Corporate Sustainability Reports
Health Product Declaration (HPD)
Locally produced materials
Certified wood
Recycled materials
PBTs Source Reduction
Bio-based materials
Cradle to Cradle Certification™ C2C Certified
Cradle to Cradle is a beneficial design approach integrating multiple
attributes, including safe materials, continuous reclamation and re-use of
materials, clean water, renewable energy, and social fairness. This
certification program applies to materials, sub-assemblies, and finished
products. Materials and subassemblies can be considered “products” for
certification purposes. The C2C products are products circulated in
closed loops that are different from cradle-to-grave products that
accepts disposal as part of a product’s life cycle. One important fact
about C2C certification is that it does not address any performance
measures as it only defines quality statement. Closed loop lifecycles are
allowing the product to be waste-free without any damage to the
environment.
There are 5 levels of
certifications which are;
Basic, Bronze, Silver, Gold,
and Platinum. The minimum
level of achievement in any
of the five categories
ultimately determines the
final certification level. The
product and its certification
level along with the final
scorecard will be listed on the
Cradle to Cradle Products
Innovation Institute’s website
(http://c2ccertified.org).
Environemental Product declaration (EPD)
Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) is an
independently verified and registered
document that communicates transparent and
comparable information about the life-cycle
environmental impact of products associated
with raw material extraction, energy use,
chemical makeup, waste generation, and
emission to air, soil, and water. EPDs can help in
transforming the market for building products
and materials for which life-cycle information is
available and encourage manufacturers that
have verified their environmental performance.
The data collected in the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) can be
summarized in an Environmental Product Declaration (EPD). It
reports environmental data of products based on Life Cycle
Assessment (LCA), in accordance with the international
standard ISO 14025 (Type III Environmental Declarations).
A product category rule (PCR) defines the rules and
requirements for EPDs of a certain product category. The PCR
defines scope, boundaries, measurement procedures, impact
measures and other technical requirements. PCR
development is the responsibility of the EPD Program
Operator and is often organized through standards
organizations or industry associations or sponsored by private
or government organizations. PCRs are vital for the concept
of environmental declarations according to ISO 14025 as they
enable transparency and comparability between different
EPDs based on the same PCR.
EPD Process
A) Product Category Rule (PCR): Project teams should find the PCR that is related to the product
required. If there isn’t any PCR related, then a program operator should develop a specific one for
the desired product type.
B) Life Cycle Assessment: Goals and targets to be developed for the specific type of product. Data
gathered are checked and validated. Product is assessed as per the environmental properties to
make sure it meets the PCR requirements.
C) Create, Verify, & Publish EPD: Utilize the LCA findings to develop an EPD for your product, according
to ISO 14025 standard for Type III Environmental Declarations. A Program Operator will verify and
register it, and will be made publicly available via the Program Operator's website.
Corporate Sustainability Reports
Corporate sustainability reports (CSR) are third-party verified reports which include environmental
impacts of extraction, activities associated with the manufacturer’s product, and the product’s
supply chain. It describes practices that are focused on social and environmental characteristics. It
also employs strategies to establish a process that fosters continuity through transparency.
03 MR | Selecting Environmental Materials
LEED Acceptable CSR frameworks include the
following:
Health Product Declaration (HPD)
Health Product Declaration (HPD) is an ISO standardized and LCA based tool for publically reporting
product ingredients and their associated health hazards. Manufacturers that use HPD provide more
transparency about the information they have provided and whether it meets the project LEED
requirements or no.
LEED requires documentation of chemical inventory through one of the acceptable documents that
includes Health Product Declaration.
Locally produced materials
To reduce the greenhouse gases
associated with extraction,
manufacturing, and transportation of
materials, and to support local
economy, LEED added a criteria for
extracting, manufacturing, and
producing materials locally. The
acceptable criteria for Local
products is 100 miles (160 kilometers)
radius of the project measured as the
crow flies.
Regional materials and Products that
qualify for location valuation factor
are valued at 200% of their cos
Certified Wood
Certified wood is Wood material that has been
issued a certificate from an independent 3rd
party organization with proven standards of
sustainable forest management. Responsible
forest management encompasses practices
that are environmentally appropriate, socially
beneficial and economically viable.
Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), Established in
1993, is an independent, non-profit
organization, open, membership-led
organization that protects forests for future
generations and sets standards under which
forests and companies are certified
Forest Stewardship Council certification gives customers the option to choose forest products like
paper and wood that has been sourced in a viable manner. FSC certification is proven by Chain of
Custody (CoC)
Chain of Custody (COC)
FSC Chain of Custody certification
is awarded to companies that can
track and document FSC certified
material through the production
process, from the forest extraction
process to the consumer, including
all successive stages of
procurement, processing,
manufacturing, distribution and
sale of certified goods.
Wood-based materials include, but are not limited to, the following materials when made from wood,
engineered wood products, or wood-based panel products:
a. Rough, Finish and miscellaneous carpentry.
b. Timber construction.
c. Wood decking.
d. Architectural woodwork.
e. Wood paneling, Veneering and covering.
f. Wood flooring.
g. Wood lockers and cabinets.
i. Furniture.
For calculating contribution to credit achievement, the wood product must be itemized on the
vendor’s invoice determining how much certified wood included in the product. The categories are
FSC 100% (FSC Pure), FSC Mix Credit, and FSC Mix [NN] %. The requirement threshold is met by
achieving a certain percentage of certified wood by cost.
Recycled Materials
Materials and product assemblies that contain recycled content reduce the need for virgin materials
and can use other materials that were diverted from landfills. Recycling can save money and also
conserve energy, as well as reducing solid and liquid wastes. LEED rewards projects that use
materials that contain recycled content, because they reduce the negative environmental impacts
and economically viable.
The recycled content value of a material assembly shall be determined by weight then the
contribution to credit achievement is determined by cost of the complying percentage. Recycled
content is calculated such that the sum of post-consumer recycled content plus ½ of the preconsumer content compiles the total recycled content included in the product. Mechanical,
electrical and plumbing components and specialty items such as elevators and equipment shall not
be included in this calculations.
"Post-consumer" material: is defined as waste material
generated by households or by commercial, industrial, and
institutional facilities in their role as end users of the product,
which can no longer be used for its intended purpose.
"Pre-consumer" material: is defined as material diverted
from the waste stream during the manufacturing process.
Excluded is reutilization of materials such as rework, regrind,
or scrap generated in a process and capable of being
reclaimed within the same process that generated it.
Recycled content shall be defined in accordance with the
International Organization of Standards document ISO
14021 — Environmental labels and declarations — Selfdeclared environmental claims (Type II environmental
labeling).
PBTs Source Reduction
PTBs are persistent, bio-accumulative, and toxic chemicals
associated with the life cycle of building materials. Selecting
materials that contain lower PBTs will reduce hazardous waste
and lower waste disposal costs. PBTs might also expose cleaning
staff to contaminations and endanger their health. For more
information about PBTs check EPA website: www.epa.gov/pbt/.
Sustainable purchasing will allow for the selection of more
environmental friendly materials and products. Fluorescent lamps
should contain low mercury content and long lamp life to lowers
hazardous waste disposal costs. LEDs are highly recommended to
replace high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps to reduce mercury in
buildings. Materials manufactured with lead and cadmium should
be substituted with other friendly materials
Rapidly Renewable Materials
those that regenerate more quickly than their level of demand. natural, non-petroleum-based building
materials that meet the Sustainable Agriculture Network Standard. Examples include: cork, bamboo
flooring, cotton batt insulation, linoleum flooring, sunflower seed board panels, wheatboard cabinetry,
wool carpeting, cork flooring, bio-based paints, geotextile fabrics such as coir and jute, soy based
insulation and form-release agent and straw bales.
Rapidly Renewable Materials" has been retired and replaced with "Building Product Disclosure and
Optimization - Sourcing of Raw Materials". According to the LEED v4 reference guide for BD+C, the
intent of this credit is to encourage the use of products and materials for which life cycle information is
available and that have environmentally, economically and socially preferable life cycle impacts."
03 MR | Selecting Environmental Materials
Bio-based materials
When selecting bio-based materials or products, it must meet the sustainable agricultural network’s
sustainable Agriculture Standard to be considered acceptable for LEED credit. Raw materials should
undergo testing under ASTM test method D6866.
MR – Waste Management
Waste Management Overview
Construction process results in huge amounts of waste generation
throughout the building life-cycle. Most of the generated waste is directly
transported to be disposed in landfills for incineration and combustion; and
only a small amount of waste is sold to be reused or recycled. Incineration of
waste leads to co2 emissions while solid waste transportation contributes
directly to greenhouse gases.
There are many ways to divert waste from landfills that starts with source
reduction and proper designing to units and systems in a way that reduces
potential waste. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ranks source
reduction, reuse, recycling, and waste to energy as the four preferred
strategies for reducing waste. Recycling of waste can reduce the burden of
extracting virgin and raw materials. Recycling facilities can engage in a
contract with projects to haul waste skips without fees as it can use it in their
recycling process and gain profits. Demolition also provides opportunities to
reuse or salvage units and items found at project site.
Waste management strategies and practices will be discussed for
the following phases:
Design and Planning Stage
Construction Stage
04 MR | Waste Management
Operations and maintenance
Design and Planning Stage
Waste management should be considered in sustainable design process which starts from the early
stages of the project. The project team should consider modular design, flexible units, and pre-cast
structures to minimize the potential waste generation. The considerable design choices will massively
affect the waste generation quantity and will economically reduce the costs associated with
transportation and hauling services. In this stage, design team should be aware of the types of
generated materials based on the assumptions or equivalent case studies to guide construction team
with proper procedures and give recommendations.
Planning for waste management process always runs in cycles as it’s considered as a continues
process where the strategies are revised and changed from time to time to adapt to new
technologies and situations. Design team can provide possible opportunities to waste diversion by
selecting a specific type of products and materials that generates zero waste/low waste.
Construction Stage
Project should initiate a plan that should include project waste diversion goals, diversion strategies,
waste materials that will be recycled, salvaged, or reused. How the material will be collected and
sorted is important, whether the materials will be sorted on-site or comingled, this will affect the
contract with the hauling company and the manpower required on-site to sort materials.
The plan should be distributed to contractor and all the sub-contractors who will work in the project to
comply with the requirements and to be supported with awareness sessions during the construction of
the project to allow project staff to engage in the process.
Hazardous waste in not included in credit calculation but it should be disposed of according to
relevant regulations. Excavated soil and land-clearing debris are not included also in credit
calculations.
A. Recycling waste
LEED is concerned about the waste that can be recycled instead of being
sent to landfills. Recycling construction waste is important as it will reduce
raw material production and will reduce co2 emissions from transporting
new materials. Projects are encouraged to collect construction waste,
segregate the waste on-site and sell the recyclable waste to recycling
facilities and manufacturers who will use it in their manufacturing processes.
Recyclable waste can also be donated instead of only relying on selling the
waste, it will depend on the region and facilities around.
Ex. Construction steel reinforcement bars often has many extra parts that
won’t be used again in the construction process, if the project implemented
a construction waste management plan, a dedicated plan on-site can be
used to collect these parts, a manufacturer for steel can be contracted to
collect the parts and use it in their manufacturing process for any new steel
products, the weight of the steel parts should be calculated and shared
with LEED personnel to contribute it towards credit achievement.
B. Commingled recycling
Another method for collection of recyclable materials is to collect
it in a comingled container, in which the waste materials will be
collected together in one place and a recycling company will
haul it and do the segregation in the factory. Comingled recycling
might be an easy solution for construction sites as it won’t include
many labors to do the segregation on-site, and it will reduce the
area needed for waste management but on the other hand, it
might be more expensive to do it outside of project site.
We should highlight here the difference between recycled
content and recyclable materials and products, recycled content
means the materials include in its components recycled items that
were incorporated to form the materials. The final product is that
has recycled content and it contribute to recycled content credit.
Recycled materials is materials that were used and can be
incorporated into the formation of any new material, and
considered part of construction waste management credit.
C. Waste-to-energy
LEED doesn’t recognize the waste-to-energy as a method to contribute to credit achievement, however, when
the project fails to recycle or reuse waste materials, it’s possible to use this method if it meets some regulations.
According to LEED reference guide, waste-to-energy can be used if the European Commission Waste Framework
Directive 2008/98/EC and Waste Incineration Directive 2000/76/EC are followed and Waste to Energy facilities
should meet applicable European Committee for Standardization (CEN) EN 303 standards.
Wood waste converted to fuel – bio-fuel – can be used and contribute towards the achievement of the credit
without any other compliances.
In some regions, Incineration is used to burn waste to produce energy, but it’s not a sustainable practice and it
costs more than landfilling, and it doesn’t contribute towards credit achievement.
D. Composting
Composting wasn’t part of LEED V2009 but
LEED V4 is including composting as a strategy
to recycle organic waste. Composting is the
process of recycling organic waste, which is
ultimately reused/recycled as soil, fertilizer, or
other organic matter. Organic waste includes
anything that comes from living organism,
such as food and paper products. Compost
differs from recycling materials as it must be
kept in a special container and must either
return to the soil or collected and transported
to a composting facility.
Operations and maintenance
The base program for any successful waste management plan is the waste stream audit that is based
on current and accurate information of the quantity and composition methods of waste. It can be
described as a systematic procedure to review and adjust operations.
Waste stream audit is conducted to the building’s entire ongoing consumables regardless of any
construction waste or durable goods waste for facility alteration.
The audit results will be used to establish a baseline that identifies the types of waste that makes up
the waste stream and the amount of each type by weight or volume. Identify opportunities for
increased recycling and waste diversion. The appropriate time for conducting the waste stream
audit is during performance period.
04 MR | Waste Management
A. Waste stream audit
An environmental waste
management should be in
place during operations that
includes mixed paper,
corrugated cardboard, glass,
plastics, and metals. The waste
should also be categorized into
ongoing waste, durable goods
waste, and hazardous waste.
The policy should cover at least
products that are within building
and site management’s control.
B. Ongoing Purchasing
Due to the high volume of products purchased during the operations whose environmental and
human health consequences extend from extraction and manufacturing to use and disposal.
Ongoing purchasing and waste policy will help reducing the environmental harm from materials
purchased, used, and disposed of
in the operations within building.
04 MR | Waste Management
B. Ongoing Purchasing
Environmentally preferable
purchasing (EPP) policy is
created during operations of
the building to include ongoing
purchases and durable goods
purchases. The purpose is to
prioritize products and green
attributes and providing a
framework for implementation.
MR – Conclusion and keywords
CONSTRUCTION WASTE MANAGEMENT
Excavated Soil and hazardous waste are not counted towards LEED
waste management credit achievement as it might change the
calculations drastically and make the credit achievable without making
any effort.
Recycled Content Materials
½ Pre-Consumer + 1 Post consumer
Defined by ISO 14021
Pre-Consumer Post-Consumer
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