Lakhasly

This course introduces hardware and operating systems, highlighting the high demand and lucrative salaries in IT. The curriculum covers operating system fundamentals, computing devices (including stationary, mobile, and IoT devices), and their associated platforms and operating systems (Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, iOS, ChromeOS). It emphasizes hands-on learning through videos, interactive activities, and assessments, leading to a shareable certificate. A section on computing fundamentals defines computers, classifies them by size and use, explains their four core functions (input, processing, output, storage), and details their benefits. Another section explains numeral systems (decimal, binary, hexadecimal), data types (characters, strings, integers, floats, Booleans), and character encoding (ASCII, Unicode). Finally, the course explores Windows 10, covering login methods, desktop navigation, settings access, window management, and keyboard shortcuts. The course aims to equip students with job-ready skills and knowledge relevant to the CompTIA IT Fundamentals Certification Exam.

1. 
   

   Course Introduction
   Welcome to “Introduction to Hardware and
   Operating Systems.” According to Statista.com research, global
   IT spending on PCs, tablets, mobile phones, printers, data center systems, enterprise
   software, and communications systems is expected to total about 4.45 trillion US dollars in

   
   


2. 
   

   Who will install, configure, manage, and program
   these IT assets? The most recent US Bureau of Labor Statistics
   report indicates about 667,600 annual job postings and projected job growth of 13 percent
   through 2029. At the time of this course publication, the
   median US IT salary was $112,161, more than double the US median salary of $41,950 for
   all jobs. An IT role is right for you if you like change
   and enjoy ongoing learning. Computing technology is always evolving, and
   there’s always new technology or a new feature to learn. If you’re balancing work/life commitments,
   many companies offer onsite work, remote work, hybrid work environments, and flexible shifts. Employers need coverage 24 hours a day and
   seven days a week. IT Careers offer multiple paths for career
   growth, and if you enjoy making a positive difference for others, an IT role can be rewarding. When you complete this course, you’ll be
   able to: Describe and apply operating system fundamentals,
   and identify, classify, and describe computing
   devices and peripherals, interfaces and connectors, and internal computer components. Then, gain job-ready skills and certification-ready
   insights when you learn about recommended workstation evaluation, setup, and troubleshooting
   processes and practices. This course is the first in a series of IBM
   courses intended to help you develop IT Fundamental skills and knowledge
   In addition to gaining valuable skills in Introduction to Hardware and Operating Systems,
   this course, along with other IBM IT courses, can also aid in your preparation for the CompTIA
   IT Fundamentals Certification Exam. Especially for beginners, guided instructional
   videos walk you through key concepts with essential need-to-know facts. Interactive activities reinforce what you’ve
   learned in videos, forums provide connections where you can introduce yourself to others,
   provide feedback, and get support. Practice assessments help you gauge your knowledge,
   and graded assessments prove what you’ve learned, leading to a shareable badge and
   certificate that you can show prospective employers. We’re here to support your success, and
   we’re excited that you’re here. Let’s get started!

   
   


3. 
   

   Introduction to Computing Fundamentals 
   Welcome to "Introduction to Computing Fundamentals." After watching this video, you will be able
   to: Define what a computer is. Classify computers based on their size and
   their uses. List the four functions of computing and the
   parts of a computer associated with those functions, and Describe the benefits of computing. A computer is a device or system that includes
   hardware, operating system software, application software, and peripheral devices. Hardware is the platform that processes data
   based on the provided instructions and stores data. Software includes the operating system software
   that enables and configures hardware capabilities and the application software that enables
   the computer to perform tasks. Peripheral devices such as keyboards and monitors
   enable user input and output. And finally, computers need users who provide
   instructions. A fast way to classify computers is by their
   size and speed. Supercomputers are the fastest computers and
   are used for the most complex mathematical and analytical computations. Mainframe computers function “at the speed
   of business” and are used to perform transactions and more. Next in size and speed are minicomputers,
   which enable more than one person to access the same data. Finally, the smallest computers are microcomputers. This category includes personal computers,
   laptops, smartphones, and other single-user devices. Another way to classify computers is by use. General-purpose computers perform functions
   such as creating documents, saving files, web conferencing, working online, financial
   analysis, data analytics, coding, and other multi-function capabilities. Even smartphones can be considered general-purpose
   computers. Special-purpose computers, which perform defined,
   limited use functions, include IoT devices such as sensors that report water quality,
   lights that activate during occupancy, sensors that report building occupancy, and IoT devices
   that monitor manufacturing processes. Other types of computers include Wi-Fi-enabled
   appliances, weather stations, alarm systems, and both wired and wireless gaming consoles. Computers perform many tasks, but we can simplify
   and categorize those tasks into four easy-to-remember functions: Input, Processing, Output, and Storage. Let's learn more. Input is the function, or action, of getting
   data into the computer. Input happens when you type or tap on a keyboard,
   use a touchscreen, or speak a voice-to-text command. Clicking the Send button for an email is also
   input. Input is also the information and instructions
   a programmer provides to perform calculations using a set of programs. Next, processing happens when the computer
   receives the input and then converts that data into a format or action that a user can
   recognize and use. Examples include downloading an app, document,
   or photo and moving data from one drive to another. Processing also occurs when the computer performs
   programming instructions, such as data calculations, or even instructions to fly a rocket to the
   stratosphere and back. Technically, processing happens when raw data
   changes into usable formats such as email, documents, and photos. Processors, also called central processing
   units or CPUs, are located inside computers on a system board, also called a motherboard. These boards and their processors are usually
   located centrally within the devices. Next, the computer delivers the processed
   results to the default or configured output devices including monitors, speakers, and
   printers. Output, meaning what you see, hear, or understand,
   is what makes the data apparent and valuable. At the same time, or just after the processing
   function completes, and while output is happening, computers can use the storage function. Storage is the saving of data to disk space
   on your computer, an external hard drive, or on network or cloud storage for an indefinite
   or undefined time unless you explicitly specify a data expiration date or delete the data. Storage saves data for reuse. Server, desktop, and laptop computer storage
   is usually located inside of the case and to the side of the case. Storage is often welded onto the system board
   for phones, IOT, and gaming devices. So, what are the advantages of using computers? Manual entry errors are eliminated by using
   capabilities such as copy and paste and data duplication to reuse data or content. Communication is sped up by using network,
   wireless, cellular, and other communication technologies. Exponential and complex computations such
   as those used for medical research, civil engineering and space exploration are enabled
   by processors, memory, and programming languages. Computers enable the saving of documents and
   data to disk storage, eliminating the extra storage space needed for stacks of paper. Businesses thrive on digital data storage. And, whether it's medical images, car claims,
   research records, or family photos, saving digital images provides durable and long-lasting
   access to that information. Finally, editing capabilities eliminate the
   time-consuming drudgery of having to erase and rewrite work manually. In this video, you learned that: Based on size and speed, supercomputers are
   the fastest, followed by mainframes, then minicomputers, and finally microcomputers,
   which include PCs, laptops, smartphones, and others. Computers can perform general functions or
   specific functions. The four functions of computing are input,
   processing, output, and storage. And, the benefits of computing include reducing
   the number of tasks humans need to do, enhanced data storage, the ability to perform complex
   mathematical tasks, and faster communications.

   
   


4. 
   

   Common Computing Devices and Platforms
   Welcome to "Common Computing Devices and their
   Platforms." After watching this video, you will be able
   to: Categorize common computing devices and describe
   their main features and benefits. And identify frequently used operating platforms
   associated with these devices. Common computing devices include stationary computing devices, mobile computing devices, and Internet of things or IoT devices. Stationary devices, which include workstations,
   servers, and tabletop gaming consoles, remain on a desk, or rack, or other fixed location. These devices consist of a box that includes
   processors, memory, and input and output connections that connect to networks, keyboards, monitors,
   mice, printers, speakers, microphones, webcams, and other devices. In some instances, you can update the device’s
   memory, storage, or video cards. Let's explore workstations. Workstations, used both at the office and
   at home, are what most people think of when they think about a desktop computer. Also categorized with personal computers,
   these devices are typically in a box that contains a system board with a processor,
   memory, storage, and slots for add-on cards for additional functions. Their motherboards have ports that support
   monitors, keyboards, mice, microphones, printers, speakers, and other devices as well as onboard
   cards for wireless connectivity. Many newer devices enable memory, storage,
   and graphic card upgrades. These devices use Microsoft Windows, macOS,
   and Linux operating systems. Next, servers are generally installed as standalone
   units or in stacked racks on networks enabling shared access to media such as movies, videos,
   and sound clips and web pages for websites. Servers also manage print requests, enable
   shared data and document access, store email, and more. On the network, multiple servers can contain
   the same data so that if one server fails, users can keep working using the same data
   from other servers. The ability for work to continue if a shared
   computing resource is malfunctioning is known as fault tolerance. Server hardware offers robust capabilities
   that often support multiple processors, memory, graphic cards, storage, and port connections
   within the same box. Servers use network operating systems geared
   towards optimizing data distribution. Popular operating system software vendors
   include Microsoft Windows Server, Linux, UNIX, macOS X, and FreeBSD. Desktop gaming consoles are also known as
   tabletop gaming consoles. Gaming console system boards contain processors,
   memory, graphics processors, storage, input ports, output ports, and a memory controller
   that exists separately between the other function blocks and the system memory. In times past, many of these functions existed
   separately as multiple chips on the motherboard, but today these functions exist in a single
   functional block. Gaming consoles, such as those made by Microsoft,
   Sony, and Nintendo, are similar to desktop computers, but use upgraded memory caching
   and graphics processing to enable smoother game-playing experiences. Gaming consoles used to require cable connections
   to monitors and gaming controllers. Today's gaming consoles provide wireless connectivity. Gaming consoles are not usually upgradeable. Mobile devices, including laptops, tablets,
   mobile phones, and portable gaming systems have transformed how we live, work, and play. Let's first check out laptops. Many laptop computers run versions of Microsoft
   Windows, macOS, and Linux operating systems, while others use Google Chrome's lightweight
   operating system. Laptop system boards include processors, memory,
   video cards, ports for connecting to other devices, and Wi-Fi capability. Many laptop manufacturers allow upgrades to
   storage and memory. Tablet devices are usually less powerful than
   laptops, but that is beginning to change. Tablets, built in very tight cases, include
   most laptop components but don't include a keyboard. Tablets generally use operating systems such
   as Microsoft Windows, iOS, and Chrome. The system board includes the device's processor,
   memory, a video card, sound card, a limited number of ports, a Wi-Fi card, and limited
   hard drive storage. Tablets are usually not upgradeable. Mobile phones include onboard components with
   specialized processors, memory, sound, and video capabilities. Phones can include a slot for a SIM card that
   links the phone to a cell phone access provider and a slotted port for additional storage,
   All phones include one multifunctional port primarily used to recharge the phone's battery. Mobile phone operating systems, built for
   speed, are specially designed to support multiple communication spectrum capabilities including
   the designated cell phone frequencies, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, near field communications, and other
   connectivity options. Android and iOS operating systems dominate
   the market. But with practically all components welded
   onto the board, you can only upgrade the software, not the hardware. Portable gaming devices use specialized processors,
   storage, and memory, and include battery and multiuse ports for power, Wi-Fi, and other
   connectivity options. These devices use operating systems specially
   configured for mobile use, and many of those operating systems are Linux-derived. Gaming software is usually onboard or downloadable,
   and the hardware is generally not upgradeable. Internet of things, known as IoT devices,
   describes physical objects that have sensors, processing ability, software, and other technologies
   that enable these devices to exchange data with other devices and systems over the Internet
   or other communications networks. IoT devices communicate via Wi-Fi, Bluetooth,
   NFC, Zigbee, and other protocols. They can receive software updates, but generally
   the hardware within a limited space is soldered to the board and is not upgradeable. Let's learn more. Widely available consumer IoT devices include
   smart speakers, TVs, wearable devices such as fitness trackers, and appliances such as
   automatic floor vacuums, stoves, and others. Light bulbs, toys, thermostats, and medical
   devices are also part of today's IoT world. Enterprise IoT devices enable organizations
   to offer consumers more targeted features and manage costs. For example, utilities install smart meters
   to help both residential and commercial customers manage their energy usage. Occupancy sensors and IoT-enabled security
   systems help businesses prevent losses and enhance worker and customer safety. Similarly, industrial IoT devices help organizations
   monitor the weather, operate robots, assess water and air quality, and more. In this video, you learned that: Common computing devices currently fit into
   three categories: stationary devices, mobile devices, and IoT devices. Desktop computers, mobile computers, and IoT
   devices feature a processor and input and output ports or capabilities. Desktop machines usually offer the most upgrade
   capabilities, while IoT devices are generally not upgradeable. And desktop operating systems include Microsoft
   Windows, macOS, Linux, or Unix while Google Android, Google Chrome, and Apple's iOS operating
   systems dominate the mobile operating system market.

   
   


5. 
   

   Understanding How Computers Talk
   Welcome to “Understanding How Computers
   Talk.” After watching this video, you will be able
   to: Describe three widely used notational systems Convert numbers between notational systems
   Identify common data types, and And identify the two most widely used character
   types. In computers, a notational system, also called
   a numeral system, is a system of symbols that represent numbers. The three most widely used notational systems
   are decimal, binary, and hexadecimal. Decimal notation is base 10, as in numbers
   1 through 9, then 10, 20, 30, and so on. Decimal notation uses a decimal mark, usually
   a period, which identifies the numbers to the right of the period as a fractional amount. Decimals with negative values display a minus
   symbol immediately left of the number. Binary notation is the base system for "computer
   speak" and programming in bits, but more commonly referenced in bytes. Binary uses only two numbers, zero and one,
   and combinations of those two numbers. Binary notation represents zero as an "off”
   state and the number 1 as an “on” state. A single digit is known as a bit and is the
   smallest piece of computing information computers process. The next size of computing information is
   a byte. Eight adjacent bits or digits create a byte. To convert decimal numbers to binary numbers,
   divide your starting number and each subsequent quotient by two until the quotient equals
   zero. For example, start at the top of the column
   with the decimal 25. Divide 25 by 2 and
   note the remainder. Now, divide the quotient 12 by 2, and note
   the remainder again. Repeat these steps until you get zero as the
   quotient. For your final step, write the remainders
   so that the last remainder, for one divided by two, is written first, followed by the
   other remainders, reading from bottom to top. So, the binary equivalent of 25 is one, one,
   zero, zero, one. Here’s how to change a number from binary
   to decimal using the doubling method. Let’s start with the binary number 010010. Start with the leftmost digit, which is zero. Since you are starting from the leftmost digit
   and there is no previous digit to the leftmost digit, we consider the double of the previous
   digit as zero. Double the previous number and add the result
   to the current digit. Continue the same process for the next digit,
   which is 1. Now, double the previous digit and add the
   number to the current digit. In this example, you get 0 × 2 + 1, which
   is 1. Repeat the process for each number, moving
   to the right one digit at a time. The result of converting the binary number
   (010010) to a decimal using the doubling method is 18. Next, the hexadecimal notation system, often
   shortened to “hex,” is made up of 16 symbols using the numbers 0 through 9 and the letters
   A through F to represent decimal numbers 10 through 15. Hex offers compact notation for large numbers. Hex is used for: MAC addresses, which identify where the device
   resides on the network, similar to your home address, color values, IP addresses, which are website addresses,
   and memory addresses, which identify where data
   exists within the computer’s storage. The first column displays decimal numbers
   from 0 to 10. The second column displays the decimal numbers’
   hex equivalent. The third column displays the decimal and
   the hex numbers’ binary equivalent. In this example, reading left to right, you
   can see that the decimal ten is equal to A in hex and 1010 in binary. Many websites offer conversion tables where
   you can quickly convert numbers to their decimal, hex, and binary equivalents. To convert a hex number such as 123A into
   binary, follow these steps. First, note the hex number and represent each
   hex digit by its binary equivalent number. Next, add insignificant zeros to the left
   if the binary number has less than 4 digits. For example, write the decimal 10 as 0010. Then, string each of the converted binary
   numbers together, working from left to right. This process is called concatenation. Your fourth and final step is to discard any
   leading zeros at the left of the concatenated binary number. For this example, let’s use the hex number
   123A. Use the table to convert each hex digit in
   “123A” to binary, adding zeros to the left of the number, if necessary, to make
   the number a four-digit number. Then string all four groups of four-digit
   numbers together. On the left most binary number, discard any
   leading zeros. So, zero, zero, zero, one becomes one. Your result is1001000111010, the binary equivalent
   of the hex number 123A. Computers follow sets of instructions to perform
   tasks such as calculations, word processing, and web browsing using the following data
   types to process and present that information. Characters represent single letters. Strings show combinations of characters. Integers display whole numbers such as the
   number eight. Floats represent decimals and fractions. And Boolean values provide yes or no and true
   or false statements. ASCII, first published in 1963, is the American
   Standard Code for Information Interchange format that translates computer language into
   understandable text. To save on transmission costs, ASCII was originally
   a 7-byte system representing 128 binary characters. The system expanded to 8 bytes providing another
   256 characters. The displayed chart shows binary, ASCII, and
   hex equivalent numbers. You’ll find similar charts online. Unicode includes ASCII characters, characters
   from languages worldwide, as well as emojis. More than 95% of the world’s web pages use
   Unicode 8-bit encoding, commonly called UTF-8. Programming languages tend to use Unicode
   16-bit, referred to as UTF-16, and a few programming languages use Unicode 32-bit encoding. Unicode provides a unique hexadecimal value
   for each character called code points. The default encoding format is usually shown
   as U + hhhh, where the “hhhh” is the character’s hexadecimal value. You’ll find numerous conversion services
   online. In this video, you learned that: Bits and bytes are the base language of computer
   communications and eight bits equals one byte. MAC addresses, colors, IP addresses, and memory
   addresses use hexadecimal notation. Programs can read ASCII character text, strings,
   integers, floats, and Boolean data. And Unicode text, namely UTF-8, is used to
   display character sets on webpages.

   
   


6. 
   

   An Introduction to Operating Systems 
   Welcome to “An Introduction to Operating
   Systems.” After watching this video, you will be able
   to: Describe what an operating system is and
   describe the functions operating systems manage; Classify types of operating systems;
   Describe operating system generations; and describe the history of Linux, Windows,
   macOS, and ChromeOS operating systems. Operating systems provide standardized backbone
   code for managing input, output, processing, and storage. These efforts help keep data error-free and
   mitigate data loss. Operating systems can have more than one environment. The first environment, the command line interface
   (or CLI), is an environment where the user can type commands. The second environment is known as a graphical
   user interface, or a graphic shell. These environments provide menus, links, buttons,
   and fields that help users manage the operating system. History groups operating systems into four
   generations. The first generation was from 1945 to 1955. The second generation happened from 1955 to

   
   


7. 
   

   The third generation lasted 15 years, from
   1965 to 1980. And, 1980 ushered in the fourth and current
   generation. During the first generation of modern computing,
   from 1945 to 1955, operating systems that worked for multiple computers did not yet
   exist. Each computer’s parameters were uniquely
   created for every job, or task, using machine language. However, some of the code developed during
   this era became the basis for future operating systems. During the second generation of operating
   systems, mainframe computers became available for commercial and scientific use. Tape drives, a relatively new invention, provided
   input and output storage. In 1956, General Motors Research produced
   the first single-stream batch operating system, notably for its IBM 704 computing system. Subsequently, IBM became the first company
   to create operating systems to accompany computers. Embedded operating systems, developed in the
   early 1960s and still in use, focus on a single task, providing split-second response times,
   also known as low latency. In case of a system error, these operating
   systems can restart where the task needs to resume. Real-time operating systems are a type of
   embedded operating system. Airplanes, air traffic control systems, and
   space exploration were among the first to use real-time operating systems. As time passed, satellite systems, robotics,
   and even our cars implemented real-time operating systems. Then, during the third generation of operating
   system development, additional companies began creating batch file operating systems specifically
   for their large computing needs. This generation of operating systems saw the
   development of network operating systems that provided scalable, fast, accurate, and secure
   network traffic and communications and enabled each workstation within the network to operate
   independently. In 1969, the UNIX operating system offered
   a new innovation, an operating system that was installable on multiple computer systems
   and featured processor timesharing. Processor timesharing enabled multiple users
   with different programs to interact nearly simultaneously with a central computer, such
   as a mainframe. The fourth and current generation of operating
   systems brought computing into a new age with multitasking operating systems including Linux,
   Windows, macOS, and ChromeOS operating systems that enable computers to perform multiple,
   complex tasks simultaneously. Mobile operating systems including Android,
   Windows, iOS, and ChromeOS (which is also considered a mobile operating system), fit
   the definition of multitasking operating systems. Let’s learn more about some of these operating
   systems. In 1991, Linus Torvalds created a small, open
   source operating system for a PC, releasing version 1.0 of Linux in 1994. In 1996, the version 2.0 release with support
   for network-based symmetric multiprocessing (or SMP) provided a serious technical benefit
   for commercial and scientific data processing, evolving Linux into a powerful network and
   server operating system. Throughout the next 10 years, Linux gained
   market acceptance and its distributions continued to mature. In 2013, Google's Linux-based mobile operating
   system, Android, took 75% of the market share. When evaluating the value of Linux, consider
   that in 2018, IBM acquired Red Hat for 34 billion US dollars. The operating systems PC-DOS and MS-DOS once
   existed, with MS-DOS launching in 1981. In 1985, Windows offered the consumer market
   a graphical user interface version of the Windows operating system, written in variations
   of C language. In 1995, the debut of Windows 95 catapulted
   Microsoft's dominance in the consumer operating system software market, with Microsoft holding
   about 70% of the consumer desktop operating system market share in 2021. Microsoft also offers network, server management,
   mobile, and phone operating systems. Apple, with its OS X and macOS based on Unix,
   began its foray into the operating system market in 1999 with PowerPC-based Macs. In 2006, Apple began selling Macs using Intel
   core processors. In 2020, Apple began the Apple silicon chip
   transition, using self-designed, 64-bit, ARM-based Apple M1 processors on new Mac computers. Apple also offers the iOS operating system
   for its tablet and smartphone devices. In 2011, Google debuted ChromeOS built atop
   Linux, ChromeOS offers a lightweight operating system
   for mobile devices, including laptops Laptops and tablets running ChromeOS require
   less local storage and cost less, making them ideal for students, and
   this operating system is currently used by about 10% of the laptop market. In this video, you learned that:
   Operating systems provide standardized code that eliminates the need to manually recreate
   all the possible code necessary for input, processing, output and storage for every computer
   action. In 1956, GM Research created the first operating
   system that is also credited as being the first single-stream batch operating system. Linux evolved into a powerful operating system
   for networks and servers. With the creation of Windows 95, Microsoft
   began its domination of the consumer operating system market. And ChromeOS, built on top of Linux, is a
   lightweight, primarily browser-based operating system.

   
   


8. 
   

   Getting Started with Microsoft Windows
   Welcome to "Getting Started with Microsoft
   Windows 10." After watching this video, you will be able
   to: Identify four Windows login methods. Describe how to use the Windows desktop. Explain how to find the Settings app. Explain how to resize windows and switch programs,
   and identify Windows keyboard shortcut commands. Microsoft Windows 10 provides four easy methods
   to log into a machine, You can log in using a PIN, a password by drawing over a photo that you previously
   set up, or by scanning the fingerprint that you previously
   paired with the computer. Next, let’s check out parts of the Windows
   desktop. Click the Windows icon to view the Start menu
   and Productivity pane. On the left side of the Start menu, you can
   see which user is logged on, and shortcuts to documents, pictures, settings, and power
   management options. Available programs are organized alphabetically.
   If you right-click a program’s icon, you see menu options to uninstall the program,
   pin the program to your Taskbar, run the program with administrator rights, and open its file
   location. To the right of the Start menu is the Productivity
   pane, which consists of a mixture of live and static tiles. Static tiles are shortcuts to favorite and
   frequently used programs. Live tiles provide a quick view of information
   such as news, weather, and sports. Right-click any tile to remove the tile, uninstall
   the program, or perform other tasks. At the bottom of the screen, the Windows Taskbar
   provides access to the Windows Start button, where you can open the Start menu. Next is the Taskbar Search box, where you
   can search for files, settings, and programs on the computer or perform a quick web search. The circle icon provides a shortcut to talk
   to Cortana, and The filmstrip icon provides access to Windows
   Task view. Next, access File Explorer. Settings lets you access an app that customizes
   the toolbar. On the right side of the Taskbar, you can
   see the current weather, an upward caret that you can click to display the news, the Windows
   Meet Now icon that opens a video conferencing program, access to OneDrive, shortcuts to
   Wi-Fi and wired network access, speaker volume settings, Time and date settings, and notifications. When you have time, explore Taskbar customizations
   by using the Settings app, selecting Personalization, and selecting Taskbar. Notifications are a convenient way to view
   the news you want to see, receive app notifications, and more.
   On the Taskbar, click the Notifications icon to
   display your notifications. Click Manage notifications to customize the
   notifications you see. Clicking Manage notifications opens Notifications
   & actions, which is located within the Settings app.
   Here you can set notification preferences, including: Getting app and vendor notifications. Showing notifications on the lock screen. Allowing notifications to play sounds and
   other settings. Next, let’s learn about the control buttons
   used to resize, maximize, and minimize windows on the desktop. To resize a window, hover over the edge of
   the window to display the double-headed arrow. Then drag the double-headed arrow to resize
   the window. You can quickly maximize a window by clicking
   the rectangle. If you need to minimize the window, click
   the underscore button. To close a window, click the X. You’ll see
   the X shaded in red to remind you that you are about to close an active window. You can quickly locate and switch windows
   by pressing the Alt and Tab keys. Your screen will display windows using a carousel format.
   Keep the Alt key pressed and repeatedly press the Tab key each time you want to switch to
   the next window. Then click and hold to display the selected window. Let’s check out more
   keyboard shortcuts. Keyboard shortcuts save valuable time and
   reduce errors, resulting in productivity gains to benefit the business. Windows provides numerous keyboard shortcuts,
   many more than are listed here. Often new users become confused when they see the first
   key and the second key with a plus in between, so we’ve shown them here as the first key,
   the second key, and, if needed, the third key. To copy your file or content, press Control
   C. To paste or insert a file or content, press
   Control V. To delete a file or delete content, press
   control D. To repeat an action, such as inserting rows
   or columns or a series of words, press Control Y. To undo the previous action, press Control
   Z. To edit the file name, press Control O. To restart the computer, press Control, Alt,
   and Delete. To capture a screen image, you can use the
   print screen button displayed as PRT SCR or the Windows Start key and the print screen
   button. In this video, you learned that: You can log in to Windows using a PIN or a
   password by drawing over a photo that you previously set up, or by scanning your fingerprint. The Start menu provides shortcuts to documents,
   pictures, settings, and power management options. If notifications are interrupting your workflow,
   open the notifications panel, click Manage notifications, and then turn off notifications. To resize a window, hover over the edge of
   the window to display the double-headed arrow, then drag the double-headed arrow to resize
   the window. Using the Alt and Tab keys is a fast way to
   locate an open Window that you’re not currently viewing, and finally Windows keyboard shortcuts save you valuable
   time performing frequent tasks.