Lakhasly

INTRODUCTION The Aleppo pine (Pinus haleppensis) is the most common tree in Algeria and it has a very important place in the balance of Mediterranean ecosystems.Global warming and its effects cause stress and weaken the defense of fragile trees, which facilitates the development of species already existing in the territory and potentially the introduction of new species of bark beetles (Suarez-Vidal et al. 2019).Global warming and its consequences like repeated heatwaves and drought have a significant impact on trees and their predators, resulting in an increased mortality and forest decline (Morcillo et al. 2019).Common pests are the pine processionary caterpillars and bark beetles (Lieutier et al. 2016; Bao et al. 2020).

INTRODUCTION
The Aleppo pine (Pinus haleppensis) is the most
common tree in Algeria and it has a very important place in
the balance of Mediterranean ecosystems. Global warming
and its consequences like repeated heatwaves and drought
have a significant impact on trees and their predators,
resulting in an increased mortality and forest decline
(Morcillo et al. 2019). However, trees can withstand the
stresses and avoid dieback when favorable conditions
return, but biotic factors such as pests can aggravate the
stress and lead to their death (Anderegg et al. 2015).
Common pests are the pine processionary caterpillars and
bark beetles (Lieutier et al. 2016; Bao et al. 2020). These
last insects develop in lignified stems and feed on vascular
tissues, from the shoots to the tree trunk. Most species
develop on decaying trees or dead wood but some species
can also colonize stressed living trees (Paine et al. 1997).
The females dig a gallery under the bark to deposit their
eggs into the cambium (Davi et al. 2020).
Global warming and its effects cause stress and weaken
the defense of fragile trees, which facilitates the
development of species already existing in the territory and
potentially the introduction of new species of bark beetles
(Suárez-Vidal et al. 2019). The attack occurs at different
levels of plant vitality; some species develop on healthy
plants, but many select hosts that are physiologically
stressed or injured. The strategy of mass attack is used