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A healthy diet satisfies three needs
• Fuel to power the body
• Organic molecules to build molecules
• Essential nutrients—raw materials that animals cannot make for
themselves
Chemical energy powers the body
Nutrients are oxidized inside cells to make ATP
• Proteins, carbohydrates, and fats are the main sources of calories
• Basal metabolic rate (BMR): energy a resting animal requires each day
• Metabolic rate: BMR + the energy needed for physical activity
• Excess energy is stored as glycogen or fat
An animal’s diet must supply essential nutrients
• Essential nutrients cannot be made from any raw material
• Undernourishment—not enough calories
• Malnourishment—missing essential nutrients
• Animals cannot produce eight of the 20 amino acids named essential amino acids.
• These eight amino acids must come from the diet.
A healthy diet includes 13 vitamins and many essential minerals
.
• Essential vitamins and minerals
– Required in minute amounts -
– Extreme excesses can be dangerous -
– Excess water-soluble vitamins can be eliminated in urine
–
– Excess fat-soluble vitamins accumulate to dangerous levels in body fat
–
– Minerals are simple inorganic nutrients usually required in small amounts
– Calcium and phosphorus are required in larger amounts
CONNECTION: Diet can influence cardiovascular disease and cancer
• A healthy diet may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer
• Two main types of cholesterol :
– LDL : contributes to blocked blood vessels and higher blood pressure
– HDL : tends to reduce blocked blood vessels
• Exercise increases HDL levels
• Smoking decreases HDL levels
A healthy diet satisfies three needs
• Fuel to power the body
• Organic molecules to build molecules
• Essential nutrients—raw materials that animals cannot make for
themselves
Chemical energy powers the body
Nutrients are oxidized inside cells to make ATP
• Proteins, carbohydrates, and fats are the main sources of calories
• Basal metabolic rate (BMR): energy a resting animal requires each day
• Metabolic rate: BMR + the energy needed for physical activity
• Excess energy is stored as glycogen or fat
An animal’s diet must supply essential nutrients
• Essential nutrients cannot be made from any raw material
• Undernourishment—not enough calories
• Malnourishment—missing essential nutrients
• Animals cannot produce eight of the 20 amino acids named essential amino acids.
• These eight amino acids must come from the diet.
A healthy diet includes 13 vitamins and many essential minerals
.
• Essential vitamins and minerals
– Required in minute amounts -
– Extreme excesses can be dangerous -
– Excess water-soluble vitamins can be eliminated in urine
–
– Excess fat-soluble vitamins accumulate to dangerous levels in body fat
–
– Minerals are simple inorganic nutrients usually required in small amounts
– Calcium and phosphorus are required in larger amounts
CONNECTION: Diet can influence cardiovascular disease and cancer
• A healthy diet may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer
• Two main types of cholesterol :
– LDL : contributes to blocked blood vessels and higher blood pressure
– HDL : tends to reduce blocked blood vessels
• Exercise increases HDL levels
• Smoking decreases HDL levels
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