Lakhasly

In the lower grades, you have learnt about science in general.It is mainly concerned with the production of new materials of desirable properties and qualities to satisfy social needs and plays an important role in agriculture, in the production of medicines and drugs, in environment and population control, in the construction industry, in manufacturing various products such as cosmetics, textiles, dyes,soaps and detergents, plastics, rubber and a variety of metals, non-metals, alcoholic beverages, dry cells and car batteries1.1.4.The common medicinal plants used for treating curing various disease are: Hagenia Abyssinica (Kosso tree) , Eucalyptus globulus (bahrzaf), Ocimum lamiifolium Hochst (Damakese) etco Preserving meat by adding a salt and smoke dryingFOR TEST1.1.2.Some of the world and Ethiopian scientists and their contribution are listed below.FOR TESTMarie Curie (1067-1934),won the Nobel Prize forthe discovery of theelements poloniumand radiumIsaac Newton (1643-1727)discovered the laws ofmotion and law of gravity.MichaelFaraday(1791-1867),discovered the generation ofelectricity from magnetism.It is knowledge based on the social, physical and spiritual understandings.Conventional science is the system of knowledge which relies on certain laws that have been established through the application of the scientific method to phenomena in the world around us. 3General Science GRADE 7 Student TextBookIndigenous Science incorporating local people's knowledge and Indigenous perspectives, while conventional scientific approaches are commonly recognized as Western science.She work on human physiology, the impact of pesticides on human health, the use of plants as medicinal against human and animal disease and as the first female professor of Addis Ababa university.9General Science GRADE 7 Student TextBookTewolde Berhan Gebre Egziabher is an Ethiopian scientist, who has worked to ensure biodiversity and the rights of communities to their genetic resources.Things such as automobiles, TV sets, radio, bulb, microchip, computer, airplane and home tools (appliances) are the products of technology.A person who studies technology is called a technologist.Technologists apply Science and mathematical knowledge and skills to produce a very useful tool.FOR TEST Figure 1.3 Relationship of science and technologyScience and technology is integrally connected; but they are different fields driven by different concepts and processes.Ethiopia is one of the countries where a wide variety indigenous knowledge practiced for a long time to solve practical problem that exist in different areas like:- o Extractions of medicinal chemicals from plants to treat disease and fight infections.BiophysicslBiologyPhysicsNaturalScienceChemistryPhysical ChemistryBiochemistryFigure1.2.The relationships between some fields of Natural ScienceKey wordsScience a systematic method of gaining knowledge about the physical and natural world.Technology is the use of scientific knowledge to help human beings work easier and live better or putting scientific knowledge into practice.FOR TESTExercise 1.1I.Alternatively, you could choose an Ethiopian scientist and create a cartoon strip showing their discovery.Dr.Aklilu Lemma(1935 made his most -1997)important scientific discovery very early in his career, in 1964, when he discovered a natural treatment to schistosomiasis,also known as snail fever disease or bilharzia.There are two main reasons to include Indigenous Knowledge in the science:Firstly, to increase awareness of original culture and identity Secondly, in modern day environmental problems have social and cultural dimensions which benefit from perspectives other than Western science.Scientists and ethical discipline Famous scientists in Ethiopia and worldA scientist is someone who systematically gathers and uses research and evidence, to make hypothesis and test them, to gain and share understanding and knowledge.Biophysics is the study of physical phenomena and physical processes in living things, on scales spanning molecules, cells, tissues and organisms.He built the1st dynamo.Albert Einstein (1879-1955) Developed specialrelativity theory Fig1.4 some world known scientist and their works8General Science GRADE 7 Student TextBookActivities 1.3Form a group and the following activityChoose one of the scientists and create a role-play for the press release following the news of his/her discovery.He found that FOR TESTberries from the endod plant, which is commonly used to make soap and shampoos in many parts of Africa, is a potent, inexpensive and safe molluscicide, to prevent the spread of the parasitic worm.Differentiate Conventional Science and Indigenous ScienceFOR TESTThe word science comes from the Latin word 'Scientia', which means' Knowledge'.Give short descriptions of physics, biology and geology.4General Science GRADE 7 Student TextBookScience has two major categories, which are natural science and social science.Biochemistry: combination of biology and ChemistryBiochemistry is the branch of science that explores the chemical processes within and related to living organisms.Things such as automobiles, TV sets, radio, bulb, microchip, computer, airplane and home tools (appliances) are the products of technology.6General Science GRADE 7 Student TextBook1.1.3.This discovery made the plant an object of scientific research in many parts of the world.Prof.Yalemtsehay Mekonnenwas born in Asela, Ethiopia on May 30, 1955.It includes fields such as chemistry, biology, physics and geology.

In the lower grades, you have learnt about science in general. For example, environmental science .In this and next grade you will learn about general science which deals with things related to our day to day life.1.1.1.Definition of scienceActivity 1.1Form a group and discuss the following questions. Then share your ideas to the classi. Describe science by your own words ii. Investigate the ways in which the major areas of science are further  divided. You can use reference books and the internet to augment your current ideas Iii. Differentiate Conventional Science and Indigenous ScienceFOR TESTThe word science comes from the Latin word ‘Scientia’, which means’ Knowledge’. But science is not just about having knowledge: Science is a systematic method of gaining knowledge about the physical and natural world and the social aspect of human society. It provides an ordered way of learning about the nature of things, based on observation and evidence. Through science, we explore our environment, gather knowledge and develop ideas that help us interpret and explain what we see. Science may be indigenous or conventional.Indigenous science is process by which Indigenous people build their empirical knowledge of their natural environment. It is knowledge based on the social, physical and spiritual understandings.Conventional science is the system of knowledge which relies on certain laws that have been established through the application of the scientific method to phenomena in the world around us. 3General Science GRADE 7 Student TextBookIndigenous Science incorporating local people‘s knowledge and Indigenous perspectives, while conventional scientific approaches are commonly recognized as Western science. Activity 1.2Perform the following activities.Activity 1.2Find some practical indigenous knowledge in your community that Find some practical indigenous knowledge in your community that solves solves community problems and present your finding to your classcommunity problems and present your finding to your classWhy teach Indigenous Knowledge in science? There are two main reasons to include Indigenous Knowledge in the science:Firstly, to increase awareness of original culture and identity Secondly, in modern day environmental problems have social and cultural dimensions which benefit from perspectives other than Western science. Ethiopia is one of the countries where a wide variety indigenous knowledge practiced for a long time to solve practical problem that exist in different areas like:- • Extractions of medicinal chemicals from plants to treat disease and fight infections. The common medicinal plants used for treating curing various disease are: Hagenia Abyssinica (Kosso tree) , Eucalyptus globulus (bahrzaf), Ocimum lamiifolium Hochst (Damakese) etc• Preserving meat by adding a salt and smoke dryingFOR TEST1.1.2. Branches of scienceActivity 1.3Form a group and discuss the following questions. Then share your ideas to the class1. What are the major branches of science?2. Give short descriptions of physics, biology and geology.4General Science GRADE 7 Student TextBookScience has two major categories, which are natural science and social science. Again, natural science has three branches which are Biology, chemistry and physics. It as shown below in figure1.1 Science Natural science Social scienceBiology Chemistry Physics FOR TESTFigure 1.1. Branches of scienceNatural science is the study of nature and natural laws. It includes fields such as chemistry, biology, physics and geology. These fields of study in natural science are closely interrelated. There are no distinct boundaries between them.Biology is a branch of natural science which studies about living things. Chemistry is a branch of natural science which deals with  theproperties, composition, structure and transformation of substances. Physics is the branch of natural science. It is the study of the nature  of matter, energy and their interactions.There is no clear boarder line between the different branches of natural sciences. Knowledge of natural sciences overlaps with each other. For example, chemistry and physics knowledge are studied as a subject called physical science/physical chemistry. It is the study of properties of materials and their interaction.◊ Biophysics: combination of biology and physics.◊  Biophysics is the study of physical phenomena and physical processes in living things, on scales spanning molecules, cells, tissues and organisms. 5General Science GRADE 7 Student TextBook◊ Biochemistry: combination of biology and ChemistryBiochemistry is the branch of science that explores the chemical processes within and related to living organisms. It involves the study of chemical reaction in living things. BiophysicslBiologyPhysicsNaturalScienceChemistryPhysical ChemistryBiochemistryFigure1.2.The relationships between some fields of Natural ScienceKey wordsScience a systematic method of gaining knowledge about the physical and natural world.Technology is the use of scientific knowledge to help human beings work easier and live better or putting scientific knowledge into practice.FOR TESTExercise 1.1I. Give short answer for the followings questions1. What is science?2. List the three branch of natural science3. Which field of science is study of matter and energy?1.1.3. Science and technologyYou have already seen what science is. Now, you will see what a technology is.Technology is the use of scientific knowledge to help human beings work easier and live better as well as enjoy their environment more. It includes the use of materials, tools, techniques, and sources of power to make life easier or more pleasant and work more productive. Things such as automobiles, TV sets, radio, bulb, microchip, computer, airplane and home tools (appliances) are the products of technology.6General Science GRADE 7 Student TextBook1.1.3. Science and technologyYou have already seen what science is. Now, you will see what a technology is.Technology is the use of scientific knowledge to help human beings work easier and live better as well as enjoy their environment more. It includes the use of materials, tools, techniques, and sources of power to make life easier or more pleasant and work more productive. Things such as automobiles, TV sets, radio, bulb, microchip, computer, airplane and home tools (appliances) are the products of technology.A person who studies technology is called a technologist.Technologists apply Science and mathematical knowledge and skills to produce a very useful tool.FOR TEST Figure 1.3 Relationship of science and technologyScience and technology is integrally connected; but they are different fields driven by different concepts and processes. Science generates knowledge for its own sake, proposing and testing explanations. Technology, on the other hand, develops human-made solutions to real-world problems. Of course, science uses technology to generate knowledge and technology uses scientific knowledge to generate solutions.7General Science GRADE 7 Student TextBookUses of Science and technology for the societyScience and technology plays an important role in our daily life. It is mainly concerned with the production of new materials of desirable properties and qualities to satisfy social needs and plays an important role in agriculture, in the production of medicines and drugs, in environment and population control, in the construction industry, in manufacturing various products such as cosmetics, textiles, dyes,soaps and detergents, plastics, rubber and a variety of metals, non-metals, alcoholic beverages, dry cells and car batteries1.1.4. Scientists and ethical discipline Famous scientists in Ethiopia and worldA scientist is someone who systematically gathers and uses research and evidence, to make hypothesis and test them, to gain and share understanding and knowledge. Some of the world and Ethiopian scientists and their contribution are listed below.FOR TESTMarie Curie (1067-1934),won the Nobel Prize forthe discovery of theelements poloniumand radiumIsaac Newton (1643-1727)discovered the laws ofmotion and law of gravity.MichaelFaraday(1791-1867),discovered the generation ofelectricity from magnetism. He built the1st dynamo.Albert Einstein (1879-1955) Developed specialrelativity theory Fig1.4 some world known scientist and their works8General Science GRADE 7 Student TextBookActivities 1.3Form a group and the following activityChoose one of the scientists and create a role-play for the press release following the news of his/her discovery. Various roles to consider would include: the scientist; media; fellow scientists; and the general public. Alternatively, you could choose an Ethiopian scientist and create a cartoon strip showing their discovery.Dr.Aklilu Lemma(1935 made his most -1997)important scientific discovery very early in his career, in 1964, when he discovered a natural treatment to schistosomiasis,also known as snail fever disease or bilharzia. He found that FOR TESTberries from the endod plant, which is commonly used to make soap and shampoos in many parts of Africa, is a potent, inexpensive and safe molluscicide, to prevent the spread of the parasitic worm. This discovery made the plant an object of scientific research in many parts of the world.Prof.Yalemtsehay Mekonnenwas born in Asela, Ethiopia on May 30, 1955. She work on human physiology, the impact of pesticides on human health, the use of plants as medicinal against human and animal disease and as the first female professor of Addis Ababa university.9General Science GRADE 7 Student TextBookTewolde Berhan Gebre Egziabher is an Ethiopian scientist, who has worked to ensure biodiversity and the rights of communities to their genetic resources. Gebisa Ejeta (born 1950) is an Ethiopian plant breeder, geneticist and Professor at Purdue University. In 2009, he won the World Food Prize for his major contributions in the production of sorghum.Ethical principle in scienceActivity 1.4Activity 1.4Form a group and discuss on the following questions then present your opinion to the classi. Do you think ethical discipline is important for science?ii. List down same ethical disciplines in scienceFOR TESTEthics is an integral part of science. Like science, it requires to be consistent and empirically justified in our interpretation the action of scientists. Things are always get in front of us either right or wrong, good or bad, but we have to decide that what we actually want to do through our ethical point of view. The following are some of ethical principles that various codes address in science. Those are: 10General Science GRADE 7 Student TextBook• Honesty• Responsibility• Objectivity • Openness• Competence• Legality • Non-Discrimination • Carefulness.