Lakhasly

Realism in International Relations.Marxism posits that the struggle between social classes--specifically between the bourgeoisie, or capitalists, and the proletariat, or workers--defines economic relations in a capitalist economy and will lead inevitably to a communist revolution.Realism or political realism is the dominant theory of IR. Realism Defined: "A paradigm based on the premise that world politics is a struggle among selfinterested states for power and position under anarchy, with each competing state pursuing its own national interests". -International System is anarchical (claim). -There is no world government or universal sovereign. -States have international independence Basic Assumptions of Realism: -A pessimistic view of human nature. -A conviction that IR are necessarily conflictual and conflicts are resolved by war. -A high regards for the values of national security, statism, self-help, survival. -Sovereign States are main actors, in competition with one another. -Rational Decision-making in pursuit of national interest -International system is anarchic and conflict-prone. -All States must pursue power to survive, a mass resources; military, economic and political capability. -States balance against threats. Morality has no place in International politics. -International politics more important than domestic politics. -Absolute Gains and Human are preoccupied with their own well-being -They desire to be in driving seat. They love to enjoy edge over others and avoid being dominated by others. *-Hans Morgenthau, views men and women having 'will to power'. -Especially in politics and Int. politics 'politics is struggle for power over men' -International politics is power politics, arena of 'rivalry, 'conflict' and 'war' among states. The main objective of Foreign Policy is to defend and project national interests in the world. Liberalism and Neo-Liberalism Liberalism: An optimistic approach to global politics based on the perfectibility of humankind, free trade, and democracy; focuses on individuals rather than states.(Idealism /utopianism a term coined by realists to ridicule liberals who believe in the importance of international law, treaties, morality, and international institutions). Liberals Assumptions: Positive view of human nature. Conviction that human nature can be cooperative. Belief in progress. Roots of Liberalism: -John Lock in 17th century saw great potential for Human progress, Civil society, Capitalist economy That was re-inforced by liberal intellectual revolution that had faith in reasonand rational. 3 -Germy Bentham, (1748-1832 "Greatest happiness for greatest number,".The neo-liberal orthodoxy is championed by Thomas Friedman (2005), he argues free trade, and private property rights will lead to a richer, innovative and more tolerant world 2-Republican Democratic=states are more inclined to respect the rights of their citizens and are less likely to go to war with democratic neighbours.Early Liberals (1920-30) were utopianists.?

Realism in International Relations.
Realism: Its roots can be traced to the E.H. Carr’s“twenty
years crisis 1939”, Hans Morgenthau’s “Politics among
Nations 1948”. Realism or political realism is the dominant
theory of IR.
Realism Defined:
“A paradigm based on the premise that world politics is a
struggle among selfinterested states for power and position
under anarchy, with each competing state pursuing its own
national interests”.
-International System is anarchical (claim).
-There is no world government or universal sovereign.
-States have international independence
Basic Assumptions of Realism:
-A pessimistic view of human nature.
-A conviction that IR are necessarily conflictual and conflicts
are resolved by war.
-A high regards for the values of national security, statism,
self-help, survival.
-Sovereign States are main actors, in competition with one
another.
-Rational Decision-making in pursuit of national interest
-International system is anarchic and conflict-prone.
-All States must pursue power to survive, a mass resources;
military, economic and political capability.
-States balance against threats. Morality has no place in
International politics.
-International politics more important than domestic politics.
-Absolute Gains and Human are preoccupied with their own
well-being
-They desire to be in driving seat.
They love to enjoy edge over others and avoid being
dominated by others.
*-Hans Morgenthau, views men and women having ‘will to
power’.
-Especially in politics and Int. politics ‘politics is struggle for
power over men’
-International politics is power politics, arena of ‘rivalry,
‘conflict’ and ‘war’ among states. The main objective of
Foreign Policy is to defend and project national interests in
the world.
Liberalism and Neo-Liberalism
Liberalism: An optimistic approach to global politics
based on the perfectibility of humankind, free trade,
and democracy; focuses on individuals rather than
states.(Idealism /utopianism a term coined by realists
to ridicule liberals who believe in the importance of
international law, treaties, morality, and international
institutions). Liberals Assumptions: Positive view of
human nature. Conviction that human nature can be
cooperative. Belief in progress.
Roots of Liberalism:
-John Lock in 17th century saw great potential for
Human progress, Civil society, Capitalist economy
That was re-inforced by liberal intellectual revolution
that had faith in reasonand rational. 3
-Germy Bentham, (1748-1832 “Greatest happiness for
greatest number,”. Liberals have positive views, have
faith in reason, and are convinced that rational
principles be applied to International politics. Also
believe, that individuals share many interests and thus
engage in collaborative and cooperative social action
domestically and internationally. Conflict and war is not
inevitable. When people employ reason they can
achieve mutual benefits. Reason can triumph over
human fear and lust for power. Long term cooperation
will prevail based on mutual trust. Because
modernization continuously increasing the scope of
cooperation. Progress is core belief of Liberalism. Early
Liberals (1920-30) were utopianists. WWII muted this
optimism, Keohane noted that liberals were at the
minimum belief at least cumulative progress. Yet
another surge came in 1945 (UNO). Again Cold-War
ended this euphoria. Another tide of resurgence
observed with the demise of USSR and end of cold-war.
And propelled by Francis Fukuyama’s End of History –
auniversal victory of liberal democracy. 9/11, 7/7,
Madrid Attack was set back for liberal optimism. Liberal
progress = Individual progress. Happiness and
contentment of individuals.
Neo-Liberalism
Neo-Liberalism is the school of liberals that believes in
the critical role of international institutions in
promoting global change, cooperation, peace and
prosperity through collective programs. In
contemporary Neo-liberalism debates David Baldwin
(1993) identifies four Variants of Liberalism Neo-Liberal
Variants:
1-Commercial= Advocate free trade, market or
capitalist economy, the way towards peace and
prosperity. Promoted by MNCs. The neo-liberal
orthodoxy is championed by Thomas Friedman (2005),
he argues free trade, and private property rights will
lead to a richer, innovative and more tolerant world
2-Republican Democratic=states are more inclined to
respect the rights of their citizens and are less likely to
go to war with democratic neighbours. Democratic
peace theory Republican and commercial liberalism
combined form the FP of many major powers.
3-Sociological=The notion of community and process
of independence are important. As transnational
activities increase, people are linked and they become
interdependent. It becomes more difficult for states to
act unilaterally. Example, globalization dealing with
popular culture and society
4-Liberal Institutionalism or Neo-liberal
institutionalism= This believes that independent states
are required to have peace and prosperity so they can
pool their resources and even surrender some
sovereignty to create integrated communities, E.g. (EU)
EU regional community for the production of coal and
steel4
Marxism theory
Marxism is a social, political, and economic philosophy
named after the 19th century German philosopher and
economist Karl Marx. His work examines the historical
effects of capitalism on labor, productivity, and
economic development, and argues that a worker
revolution is needed to replace capitalism with a
communist system.
Marxism posits that the struggle between social
classes—specifically between the bourgeoisie, or
capitalists, and the proletariat, or workers—defines
economic relations in a capitalist economy and will lead
inevitably to a communist revolution.
Key Takeaways
 Marxism is an economic and political theory that
examines the flaws inherent in capitalism.
 It’s primarily based on the work of German
philosopher and economist Karl Marx.1
 Marxist theories were influential in the
development of socialism, which advocates for