Lakhasly

Metal nanomaterials, such as ZnO NPs, AgNPs, AuNPs, CuNPs, iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), are widely used as promising nanocarriers for the antimicrobial drug delivery.77 These nanoparticles also used as antimicrobial agents itself.Common metallic nanoparticles have been discussed in the following sections.

Metal nanomaterials, such as ZnO NPs, AgNPs, AuNPs, CuNPs, iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), are widely used as promising nanocarriers for the antimicrobial drug delivery.77 These nanoparticles also used as antimicrobial agents itself. Leveraging their unique properties, including antimicrobial activity, photocatalysis, and magnetic responsiveness, these nanomaterials are being extensively studied for applications in wound dressings, coatings, medical devices, and drug delivery systems.78 Furthermore, the antibacterial action of metal nanoparticles is related to their small size, high surface area-to-volume ratio, and ability to release metal ions, which can destroy microbial cells.79 AgNPs release silver ions,80 AuNPs exhibit optical and catalytic properties,81 CuNPs disrupt cell membranes and generate ROS which create additive stress inside the cell leading to cell death,82 ZnO NPs demonstrate photocatalytic effects,83 TiO2 NPs generate ROS when exposed to UV light84 and Fe3O4 NPs possess magnetic properties that enable them to act as antimicrobial agents or deliver antimicrobial agents. Common metallic nanoparticles have been discussed in the following sections.