Lakhasly

1- Introduction
The section provides a comprehensive overview of the rapid advancements in mobile terminal technology and mobile Internet technology, leading to the emergence of Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks (MWSNs) as a new trend in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) development. It emphasizes the differences between MWSNs and WSNs, highlighting the increased scalability, bandwidth, coverage, and network performance of MWSNs due to node mobility. Additionally, it explores the role of MWSNs in monitoring and collecting information from sensed fields, detailing their composition of Mobile Sink (MS) and/or Mobile Sensor Nodes (MSNs) moving within the network. The mobility of sensors is also addressed, achieved through various methods such as attaching them to animals, vehicles, robots, or using mobilizers for control.

Moreover, the section delves into the diverse real-world applications of MWSNs, including environmental monitoring, military operations, intelligent home systems, security surveillance, among others. It discusses the different types of mobile and static sensor node environments required for various applications, outlining the components of a sensor node like sensing units, processing units, transceiver units, power units, and additional elements such as mobilizers and GPS devices.

The section concludes by underscoring the importance of efficient mechanisms, particularly routing, in addressing resource limitations and optimizing energy consumption in MWSNs. It introduces hierarchical-based, location-based, and flat-based routing protocols, highlighting their role in enhancing network performance and energy efficiency.

2- Related work
Many protocols have been proposed to enhance routing performance in WSNs. Janarthanan and Kumar introduced the Localization Based Evolutionary Routing (LOBER) to achieve optimal results for aggregation and Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN) lifespan. Wang et al. presented an Affinity Propagation-based Self-Adaptive (APSA) clustering protocol, combining the K-medoids learning method with the Affinity Propagation (AP) algorithm for improved clustering. Anisi et al. proposed the Fault-tolerant Energy-efficient Data Aggregation (FEDA) protocol, addressing noise, faults, and packet loss challenges in data transmission to enhance energy efficiency and accuracy.

Other protocols focused on efficient and reliable data delivery, such as the protocol presented by Anisi et al., where nodes have information about link quality and select energy-efficient paths to transmit data to the sink. The Efficient Data Routing (EDR) protocol was introduced to consider remaining sensor energy and packet delivery time, optimizing energy consumption. Wang et al. proposed a novel coverage control algorithm-based PSO to improve network performance by regulating sensor sensing domains based on coverage rate and energy utilization.
Routing protocols for MWSNs have been extensively reviewed in various literature surveys, categorizing them based on hierarchical, location-based, and flat-based approaches. These surveys analyze the performance and merits of different routing techniques, considering factors like complexity, scalability, energy efficiency, and delay. Additionally, research has explored sink mobility, clustering, and energy management strategies to prolong network lifespan and enhance performance in MWSNs.

3- Routing protocols
3.1 - Classification criteria for routing protocols in MWSNs

In Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks (MWSNs), routing protocols aim to minimize energy consumption and extend network lifetime. They also address connectivity, coverage, fault tolerance, and hotspot issues. Routing protocols are classified based on criteria such as mobility style, mobile element, control manner, network construction, clustering, path formation, protocol objectives, communication pattern, and applications. In this section, we categorize MWSN routing protocols into three groups: MSN routing protocols, MS routing protocols, and protocols for mobility of both sensor and sink nodes

4- Evaluation Metrics And Commercial Software Programs For MWSN
4.1 Evaluation Metrics in MWSN
The evaluation metrics for MWSN routing protocols include:
1- Network lifetime: Duration from WSN initiation to termination of all nodes
2- Throughput: Total data sent over the network, indicating routing protocol efficiency.
3- Number of CHs per round: Nodes aggregating sensed information and sending it directly to the base station.
4- Average Energy Consumption (AEC): Average energy dissipated when one packet is transmitted
5- Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR): Ratio of delivered packets to total sent packets.
6- End-to-End Delay (EED): Time for a packet to travel from transmitter to receiver, including generation and delivery.
4.2 Commercial software programs for MWSN
Commercial software programs for MWSN simulation facilitate the modeling and analysis of network operations, including routing and deployment. They aim to reduce costs and time associated with hardware implementation. These programs require detailed information about radio models, environmental conditions, and sensor nodes to produce realistic results. Additionally, they incorporate sensor node mobility into the simulation process.

5- Challenges, Novel Trends, and Future Work In MWSNA
5.1 Challenges in MWSNs

Despite the advancements in Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks (MWSN) research, several significant challenges remain unresolved, impacting network efficiency. Addressing these challenges is crucial for further progress in the field. Some of the main unresolved issues include:

Optimizing MWSNs
In MWSNs, there are still challenges like improving data routing, boosting throughput, cutting transmission delays, balancing energy use among nodes, and managing sensor loads. Handling mobility involves using different movement patterns at varying speeds and adopting diverse contact detection methods, such as on-demand, regular checks, and scheduled approaches.

Energy consumption
Energy consumption is a critical concern in MWSNs due to the limited energy resources of sensor nodes. To address this, it's important to strike a balance between the energy used by the network and the computational demands of algorithms. Battery-powered nodes have a short lifespan, so routing protocols should prioritize extending network life and minimizing energy consumption.

Security
Security in MWSNs is a significant challenge due to the presence of mobile elements. Ensuring the security of these components is crucial because they collect all network data. If compromised, the entire network's data becomes vulnerable. Developing protocols to protect data transmitted by mobile components is essential. While some security protocols exist for traditional WSNs, few have been adapted for MWSNs, leaving ample room for future research and development.

Speed of mobile nodes
The speed of mobile nodes is an important issue that requires further attention because delays are directly influenced by their speed. In most studies, speed was believed to be standardized during measurement. Adjusting the speed of mobile elements based on the situation through data gathering in the network is possible.

Reliability
The mobility of sink nodes in MWSNs can lead to delays, packet losses, and changes in network topology, affecting overall reliability. Ensuring stable and reliable operation of MWSNs is essential for efficient data transmission.

5.2 Novel trends in MWSNs
The paper reviews hierarchical-based routing protocols for MWSNs, which outperform traditional WSN protocols in many scenarios. However, several open issues and emerging trends in MWSNs need attention, as depicted in Figure . Further efforts are required to address these aspects.

5.3 Future work
In the future, research should focus on implementing routing protocols in real MWSN environments and integrating them with other networks like IoT, cloud computing, machine learning, big data, and DL. UAVs can be used for data collection and route optimization, while the SWITCH protocol can enhance reliability in IoT. Additionally, the ACTION algorithm can improve performance in 5G technology. These ideas can be applied to WSNs to enhance IoT applications.

6- Conclusion
In conclusion, continuous research and innovation are imperative to ensure the enhancement and development of MWSNs. By integrating modern technologies and effective protocols, their capability to meet various application requirements and achieve maximum utilization across different fields will be enhanced.