Lakhasly

Introduction

   The thyroid gland is the site for the synthesis of the thyroid hormones. The evidence has demonstrated that thyroid hormones regulate a variety of pathways that are involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Hyperthyroidism induces a hyper-metabolic state characterised by reduced cholesterol levels, increased lipolysis, and gluconeogenesis (Cicatiello et al., 2018), while hypothyroidism is characterized by increased cholesterol levels.  L-Thyroxine and Carbimazole, known as drugs to treat thyroid disorders, is also experimentally used to induce hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism in laboratory animals (Treesh S, Khair N.2014). It can result from impairment in mechanisms that control the formation of thyroid hormones or may arise as a result of complications during treatment of hyperthyroidism (Hashem et al., 2016). The hypothyroid state is a complex hormonal dysfunction, manifested by a reversible slowing down of all body functions. The basal metabolic rate is decreased and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is increased (Rabeh, N.M. and El-Ghandour, 2016). Spirulina is considered an excellent nutritional supplement with many health benefits. Hypothyroidism was induced by the anti-thyroid drug carbimazole, which is used in the treatment of human hyperthyroidism (Deshpande et al., 2002). Hypothyrogrydia has been associated with a decrease in oxidant production. Furthermore, SP also contains phycocyanin, a powerful antioxidant which gives spirulina its rich green colour (Lissi et al., 2000). SP is well documented for its clinical importance in diabetes, hypertension, and cancer (Palaniswamy & Veluchamy, 2018), besides its antioxidant, immune-modulating, anti-microbial (Finamore et al., 2017), and radio-protective properties (Ibrahim, 2012, 2014). Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are oligomers and polymers of monomeric flavonoids found in many woody plants, such as grape seeds and white pine.  Proanthocyanidins found in grape seed extract (GSE) have a broad spectrum of biological, pharmacological, and chemo-protective properties. They show significantly greater protection against oxygen free radicals as compared with vitamins C, E, and β-Carotene. Spirulina platensis and Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract ameliorate the hepatic impairment and Thyroid disruptors in Carbimazole-induced hypothyroidism in male rats. PAs have potent antioxidant and antitumor activity by scavenging superoxide and hydroxyl radicals, as well as preventing drug-induced liver and kidney toxicity (Engelbrecht et al., 2007).