Lakhasly

The accumulation of spilled petroleum hydrocarbons in the soil at enormous levels is hazardous to human health and the environment.Hydrocarbon contaminants cause immediate or latent effects, such as genetic mutations, immunotoxicity, teratogenicity, neurotoxicity, potent immune toxicity, chromosomal damage, carcinogenesis, high bioaccumulation potential, and deterioration of ecosystem functioning and treatment of animal and plant life (Chaudhary and Kim, 2019).PHC contain toxic components that pollute groundwater and soil, alter the soil microbial community, and affect human health and other living organisms (Chaudhary et al., 2021).

The accumulation of spilled petroleum hydrocarbons in the soil
at enormous levels is hazardous to human health and the
environment. It is well known that soils are major dumps of
organic contaminants of different origins and characteristics.
PHC contain toxic components that pollute groundwater and
soil, alter the soil microbial community, and affect human health
and other living organisms (Chaudhary et al., 2021). PHCs are
characterized by their high resistance to physical, chemical, and/or
biological degradation and high persistence in the environment for
long periods. PHCs can also be concentrated in living organisms
(bioaccumulation), biomagnified in the food chain, undergo high
movement through different environmental compartments, and
exhibit high adsorption on soil organic matter. The toxic
properties of PHCs can lead to environmental and human health
problems (Morillo et al., 2020). Hydrocarbon contaminants cause
immediate or latent effects, such as genetic mutations,
immunotoxicity, teratogenicity, neurotoxicity, potent immune
toxicity, chromosomal damage, carcinogenesis, high
bioaccumulation potential, and deterioration of ecosystem
functioning and treatment of animal and plant life (Chaudhary
and Kim, 2019). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are
highly hazardous pollutants owing to their high stability, toxicity,
and carcinogenicity (Cui et al., 2020).