Lakhasly

According to US EPA Methodology: Human Health Risk Assessment (HHRA) is the systematic, scientific process used to estimate the mathematical (quantitative) and descriptive (qualitative) probabilities of adverse health effects--such as carcinogenic risks, neurotoxicity, or organ failure--occurring in humans exposed to chemical, physical, or biological agents in environmental media including air, water, soil, and food (U.S. EPA, 2019).Concurrently, geographical surveys map out contaminant hot-spots (such as soil contamination zones or groundwater pollution plumes) to pinpoint the exact location of the hazard (U.S. EPA, 2019).2.

According to US EPA Methodology:
Human Health Risk Assessment (HHRA) is the systematic, scientific process used to estimate the mathematical (quantitative) and descriptive (qualitative) probabilities of adverse health effects—such as carcinogenic risks, neurotoxicity, or organ failure—occurring in humans exposed to chemical, physical, or biological agents in environmental media including air, water, soil, and food (U.S. EPA, 2019).
​According to WHO Literature:
HHRA is defined as an integrative evaluative approach combining environmental sciences, chemistry, toxicology, and biostatistics to provide both short-term and long-term quantitative and qualitative estimates of the toxicity and severity of environmental contaminants (WHO, 2021).
​2. First Step of Risk Assessment (Hazard Identification & Location of Risk):
​US EPA Perspective:
The assessment process invariably begins with Hazard Identification and Location of Risk. In this phase, toxicological data are gathered to evaluate whether a specific chemical or stressor is inherently capable of causing adverse human health impacts. Concurrently, geographical surveys map out contaminant hot-spots (such as soil contamination zones or groundwater pollution plumes) to pinpoint the exact location of the hazard (U.S. EPA, 2019).
​WHO Perspective:
This initial phase focuses on examining chemical registries, laboratory animal studies, and human epidemiological evidence to classify whether a agent is toxic or carcinogenic, while simultaneously identifying its primary emission source and environmental deposition site (WHO, 2021).