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Chapter 2 The System Unit, Processing, and Memory Key Topics o Binary, Bits & Bytes o System Unit o Processing Devices o Memory 1 Binary, Bits & Bytes o All types of data must be converted into a form which can be processed by a computer.> Dual Core CPUs contain two cores

Quad Core CPUs contain four cores Octa Core CPUs contain eight cores CPUs for servers can contain up to 64 cores 14 Processing Devices Components of a CPU Core 15 Processing Devices o Processing performance of a computer mainlydepends on: CPU's Clock Speed - measured in Hz (typically in GHz) CPU's Word Size - amount of data which can be handled at once - measured it bits (typically 32 bits or 64 bits) Bus Width - number of wires/paths in a bus - measured in bits (typically 8, 16, 32 or 64 bits) Memory Size- RAM and Cache - measured in Bytes (typically in GBs) 16 Processing Devices o Since processing related to graphics (images and videos) is very intensive, most computers have a separate processing device for graphics known as Graphics Processing Unit (GPU).Common prefixes are: Kilo - Thousand (1,000) Mega -Million (1,000,000) Giga -Billion (1,000,000,000) Tera- Trillion (1,000,000,000,000) Peta -Quadrillion (1,000,000,000,000,000) Exa-Quintillion (1,000,000,000,000,000,000) 3 Encoding Data into Binary

1. Text data is encoded into binary using coding systems like ASCII and Unicode.Examples of compression include:

For graphics, BMP files can be compressed into JPG For audio, WAV files can be compressed into MP3 For video, AVI files can be compressed into MP4 6 System Unit.2) Graphics data (images and drawings) is encoded into binary by converting colour value of each pixel into binary. 4 Encoding Data into Binary

3. Audio data is encoded into binary by first converting sound waves into numerical form and then converting the numbers into binary.19 Memory o In addition to RAM, other common types of memory include:

Registers- volatile - fastest type of memory built into the CPU needed for storing data during processing.o Compression mostly involves removing unnecessary bits from the file while keeping quality at an acceptable level.> External hardware connects using Portsor wireless technologies.o Ports are used by devices which use wires to connect to the motherboard, Examples: HDMI port is used to connect a monitor.o CPU consists of circuitry and components packaged together and connected directly to the motherboard.They contain processing components (cores) of multiple independent processors on a single chip.17 Processing Devices o Processing devices and other circuits can generate a lot of heat and require suitable cooling arrangements.Prefixes: o Prefixes are often used to express larger quantities of bits and bytes.o System Unit houses the processing hardware for a computer and also contains other components such as storage devices.> Internal hardware is connected through electronic paths called Buseswhich are built into the motherboard.> USB ports connect USB devices.Questions ???21

Chapter 2
The System Unit,
Processing, and Memory
Key Topics
• Binary, Bits & Bytes
• System Unit
• Processing Devices
• Memory
1
Binary, Bits & Bytes
• All types of data must be converted into a form which can
be processed by a computer.
• A computer only understands Binarylanguage which
consists of two elements 0 and 1.
• 0s and 1s are used in different combinations to code data
from any other format into binary, for example:
› 8in binary is 00111000
› Ain binary is 01000001
› ain binary is 01100001
› 101in binary is 1100101.
2
Binary, Bits & Bytes
• 0s and 1s are individually called a Bit.
• Eight bits together are called a Byte.
• Speed of a connection is measured in bits per second (Bps)
while size of a file is measured in bytes.
Prefixes:
• Prefixes are often used to express larger quantities of bits
and bytes. Common prefixes are:
› Kilo – Thousand (1,000)
› Mega –Million (1,000,000)
› Giga –Billion (1,000,000,000)
› Tera– Trillion (1,000,000,000,000)
› Peta –Quadrillion (1,000,000,000,000,000)
› Exa–Quintillion (1,000,000,000,000,000,000)
3
Encoding Data into Binary

1. Text data is encoded into
   binary using coding systems
   like ASCII and Unicode.


2. Graphics data (images and
   drawings) is encoded into binary
   by converting colour value of
   each pixel into binary.
   4
   Encoding Data into Binary


3. Audio data is encoded into binary by first converting
   sound waves into numerical form and then converting
   the numbers into binary.


4. Video data consists of audio and collection of frames
   (each frame is a still image). Encoding is done through
   combining steps needed for audio and graphics.
   5
   Files Compression
   • Graphics, Audio and Video files can be large, so they are
   often compressed.
   • Compressed files download more quickly and take up less
   storage space.
   • Compression mostly involves removing unnecessary bits
   from the file while keeping quality at an acceptable level.
   Examples of compression include:
   › For graphics, BMP files can be compressed into JPG
   › For audio, WAV files can be compressed into MP3
   › For video, AVI files can be compressed into MP4
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   System Unit.
   
   System Unitis the main case of a computer or mobile device.
   • System Unit houses the processing hardware for a computer and also
   contains other components such as storage devices.
   • All hardware components of the computer are either directly attached to
   or connected to a circuit board called Motherboardor System Board.
   › Internal hardware is connected through electronic paths called Buseswhich
   are built into the motherboard.
   › External hardware connects using Portsor wireless technologies.
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   System Unit
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   System Unit
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   System Unit
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   System Unit
   Portis a connector on the exterior of a system unit to which
   an external hardware device is attached.
   • Ports are used by devices which use wires to connect to the
   motherboard, Examples:
   › HDMI port is used to connect a monitor. VGA and DVI ports are also used for
   monitors.
   › Network ports connect computers to a wired network.
   › USB ports connect USB devices.
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   System Unit
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   Processing Devices
   Central Processing Unit (CPU) does the vast majority
   of processing in a computer. It is also called a Microprocessor
   or more commonly a Processor.
   • CPU consists of circuitry and components packaged together and
   connected directly to the motherboard.
   • CPUs are typically designed for specific types of computers or
   devices.
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   Processing Devices
   • Most CPUs available today are Multi Core CPUs. They contain
   processing components (cores) of multiple independent
   processors on a single chip.
   • Multi Core CPUs allow computers to work on more than
   one task at a time.
   › Dual Core CPUs contain two cores
   › Quad Core CPUs contain four cores
   › Octa Core CPUs contain eight cores
   › CPUs for servers can contain up to 64 cores
   14
   Processing Devices
   Components of a CPU Core
   15
   Processing Devices
   • Processing performance of a computer mainlydepends on:
   › CPU’s Clock Speed – measured in Hz (typically in GHz)
   › CPU’s Word Size – amount of data which can be handled at
   once – measured it bits (typically 32 bits or 64 bits)
   › Bus Width – number of wires/paths in a bus – measured in bits
   (typically 8, 16, 32 or 64 bits)
   › Memory Size– RAM and Cache – measured in Bytes (typically in
   GBs)
   16
   Processing Devices
   • Since processing related to graphics (images and videos) is
   very intensive, most computers have a separate processing
   device for graphics known as Graphics Processing Unit (GPU).
   • GPUs are either housed directly on the motherboard or on
   expansion cards known as Video Cards or Graphics Cards.
   17
   Processing Devices
   • Processing devices and other circuits can generate a lot of heat and
   require suitable cooling arrangements.
   • Fans are most commonly used for this purpose in desktop
   computers and laptops.
   • Mobile devices use thermal transfer methods to keep the devices
   cool.
   • In addition to having fans, Servers are kept in purpose-built
   temperature controlled rooms and some even use liquid coolants.
   18
   Memory
   Memoryis chip based storage location that a computer
   uses to store data mostly on a temporary basis.
   › VolatileMemory – content is erased when power is switched
   off.
   › Non-Volatile Memory – content remains stored even after
   power is switched off.
   Random Access Memory (RAM)is the main memory of a
   computer.
   • Operating system, related programs and data must be
   loaded in RAM for any type of processing.
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   Memory
   • In addition to RAM, other common types of memory include:
   › Registers– volatile – fastest type of memory built into the CPU
   needed for storing data during processing.
   › Read Only Memory (ROM) – non volatile – stores instructions needed
   for booting the computer.
   › Flash Memory – non volatile – stores firmware for personal
   computers and other devices. Flash is built into many types of
   devices like tablets, smartphones, digital cameras and USB Flash
   Drives.
   › Cache Memory – volatile – stores instructions or files needed
   frequently. Internal Cache is built into the CPU. External Cache is
   installed on the motherboard near the CPU.
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   • When the term memory is used alone, it refers to RAM.
   Questions ???
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