لخّصلي

خدمة تلخيص النصوص العربية أونلاين،قم بتلخيص نصوصك بضغطة واحدة من خلال هذه الخدمة

نتيجة التلخيص (50%)

the human o Information i/o ...

  • visual, auditory, haptic, movement o Information stored in memory
  • sensory, short-term, long-term o Information processed and applied
  • reasoning, problem solving, skill, error o Emotion influences human capabilities o Each person is different Vision Two stages in vision o physical reception of stimulus o processing and interpretation of stimulus The Eye - physical reception o mechanism for receiving light and transforming it into electrical energy o light reflects from objects o images are focused upside-down on retina o retina contains rods for low light vision and cones for colour vision o ganglion cells (brain!) detect pattern and movement Interpreting the signal o Size and depth
  • visual angle indicates how much of view object occupies (relates to size and distance from eye)
  • visual acuity is ability to perceive detail (limited)
  • familiar objects perceived as constant size (in spite of changes in visual angle when far away)
  • cues like overlapping help perception of size and depth Interpreting the signal (cont) o Brightness
  • subjective reaction to levels of light
  • affected by luminance of object
  • measured by just noticeable difference
  • visual acuity increases with luminance as does flicker o Colour
  • made up of hue, intensity, saturation
  • cones sensitive to color wavelengths
  • blue acuity is lowest
  • 8% males and 1% females colour blind Interpreting the signal (cont) o The visual system compensates for:
  • movement
  • changes in luminance.if wrong (different from actual system) errors can occur Emotion o Various theories of how emotion works
  • James-Lange: emotion is our interpretationof a physiological response to a stimuli
  • Cannon: emotion is a psychological response to a stimuli
  • Schacter-Singer: emotion is the result of our evaluation of our physiological responses, in the light of the whole situation we are in
  • Emotion clearly involves both cognitive and physical responses to stimuli Emotion (cont.) o The biological response to physical stimuli is called affect o Affect influences how we respond to situations
  • positive -> creative problem solving
  • negative -> narrow thinking "Negative affect can make it harder to do even easy tasks; positive affect can make it easier to do difficult tasks" (Donald Norman)

Emotion (cont.) o Implications for interface design

  • stress will increase the difficulty of problem solving
  • relaxed users will be more forgiving of shortcomings in design
  • aesthetically pleasing and rewarding interfaces will increase positive affect Individual differences o long term
  • sex, physical and intellectual abilities o short term
  • effect of stress or fatigue o changing
  • age Psychologyand the Design of Interactive System o Some direct applications
  • e.g. blue acuity is poor blue should not be used for important detail o However, correct application generally requires understanding of context in psychology, and an understandingof particular experimental conditions o A lot of knowledge has been distilled in
  • guidelines
  • cognitive models
  • experimental and analytic evaluation techniques ."LTM - Storage of information o rehearsal
  • informationmoves from STM to LTM o total time hypothesis
  • amount retained proportional to rehearsal time o distribution of practice effect
  • optimized by spreading learning over time o structure, meaning and familiarity - informationeasier to remember LTM - Forgetting decay
  • informationis lost gradually but very slowly interference
  • new informationreplaces old: retroactive interference
  • old may interferewith new: proactive inhibition so may not forget at all memory is selective ... ... affected by emotion - can subconsciously `choose' to forget LTM - retrieval recall
  • informationreproduced from memory can be assisted by cues, e.g. categories, imagery recognition
  • informationgives knowledge that it has been seen before
  • less complex than recall - information is cue Thinking Reasoning :is a means of inferring new informationfromwhatis already known deduction, induction, abduction Problem solving Deductive Reasoning o Deduction:
  • derive logically necessary conclusion from given premises.Touch o Provides important feedback about environment.


النص الأصلي

the human
• Information i/o …
– visual, auditory, haptic, movement
• Information stored in memory
– sensory, short-term, long-term
• Information processed and applied
– reasoning, problem solving, skill, error
• Emotion influences human capabilities
• Each person is different
Vision
Two stages in vision
• physical reception of stimulus
• processing and interpretation of stimulus
The Eye - physical reception
• mechanism for receiving light and transforming it into electrical energy
• light reflects from objects
• images are focused upside-down on retina
• retina contains rods for low light vision and cones for colour vision
• ganglion cells (brain!) detect pattern and movement
Interpreting the signal
• Size and depth
– visual angle indicates how much of view object occupies
(relates to size and distance from eye)
– visual acuity is ability to perceive detail
(limited)
– familiar objects perceived as constant size
(in spite of changes in visual angle when far away)
– cues like overlapping help perception of size and depth
Interpreting the signal (cont)
• Brightness
– subjective reaction to levels of light
– affected by luminance of object
– measured by just noticeable difference
– visual acuity increases with luminance as does flicker
• Colour
– made up of hue, intensity, saturation
– cones sensitive to color wavelengths
– blue acuity is lowest
– 8% males and 1% females colour blind
Interpreting the signal (cont)
• The visual system compensates for:
– movement
– changes in luminance.
• Context is used to resolve ambiguity
• Optical illusions sometimes occur due to
•over compensation
Reading
• Several stages:
– visual patternperceived
– decoded using internal representation of language
– interpreted using knowledge of syntax, semantics, pragmatics
• Reading involves saccades and fixations
• Perception occurs during fixations
• Word shape is important to recognition
• Negative contrast improves reading from computer screen
Hearing
• Provides information about environment: distances, directions, objects etc.
• Physical apparatus:
– outer ear – protects inner and amplifies sound
– middle ear – transmits sound waves as vibrations to inner ear
– inner ear – chemical transmitters are released and cause impulses in auditory nerve
• Sound
Hearing (cont)
• Humans can hear frequencies from 20Hz to
15kHz
• Auditory system filters sounds
– can attend to sounds over background noise.
– for example, the cocktail party phenomenon.
Touch
• Provides important feedback about environment.
• May be key sense for someone who is visually impaired.
• Stimulus received via receptorsin the skin:
– heat and cold



  • thermoreceptors nociceptors

  • mechanoreceptors
    -pain
    – pressure
    (some instant, some continuous)
    • Some areas more sensitive than others e.g. Fingers.
    Movement
    • Time taken to respond to stimulus: reaction time + movement time • Movement time dependent on age, fitness etc.
    • Reaction time - dependent on stimulus type:
    – visual ~ 200ms
    – auditory ~ 150 ms
    – pain ~ 700ms
    Humain Memory
    There are three types of memory function:
    Sensory memories
    Short-term memory or working memory
    Long-term memory Selection of stimuli governed by level of
    .arousal
    sensorymemory
    • Buffers for stimuli received through senses
    – iconic memory: visual stimuli
    – echoic memory: aural stimuli
    – haptic memory: tactile stimuli
    Short-term memory(STM)
    • Scratch-pad for temporary recall
    – rapid access ~ 70ms
    – rapid decay ~ 200ms
    – limited capacity - 7± 2 chunks
    Long-term memory (LTM)
    • Repository for all our knowledge
    – huge or unlimited capacity
    • Two types
    – episodic – serial memory of events
    – semantic – structured memory of facts,concepts, skills
    semantic LTM derived from episodic LTM


Long-term memory (cont.)
• Semantic memory structure
– provides access to information
– representsrelationships between bits of information
– supportsinference
• Model: semantic network
– inheritance– child nodes inherit properties of parent nodes
– relationships between bits of information explicit
– supportsinference through inheritance
-LTM - semantic network


-Models of LTM - Frames
• Information organized in data structures
• Slots in structure instantiated with values for instance of data
• Type–subtyperelationships
Models of LTM - Scripts
Model of stereotypical information required to interpret situation
Script has elements that can be instantiated with values for context


Models of LTM - Production rules
Representation of procedural knowledge.
Condition/action rules if condition is matched then use rule to determine action.


LTM - Storage of information
• rehearsal
– informationmoves from STM to LTM
• total time hypothesis
– amount retained proportional to rehearsal time
• distribution of practice effect
– optimized by spreading learning over time
• structure, meaning and familiarity – informationeasier to remember
LTM - Forgetting
decay
– informationis lost gradually but very slowly
interference
– new informationreplaces old: retroactive interference
– old may interferewith new: proactive
inhibition
so may not forget at all memory is selective …
… affected by emotion – can subconsciously `choose' to forget
LTM - retrieval
recall
– informationreproduced from memory can be assisted by cues, e.g. categories, imagery
recognition
– informationgives knowledge that it has been seen before
– less complex than recall - information is cue
Thinking
Reasoning :is a means of inferring
new informationfromwhatis already known
deduction, induction, abduction
Problem solving
Deductive Reasoning
• Deduction:
– derive logically necessary conclusion from given premises.
e.g. If it is Friday then she will go to work
It is Friday
Therefore she will go to work.
• Logical conclusion not necessarily true:e.g.
If it is raining then the ground is dry
It is raining
Therefore the ground is dry


Deduction(cont.)
• When truth and logical validity clash …
e.g. Some people are babies
Some babies cry
Correct?
Inference - Some people cry


Inductive Reasoning
• Induction:
– generalize from cases seen to cases e.g. unseen
all elephants we have seen have trunks
therefore all elephants have trunks.
• Unreliable:
– can only prove false not true … but useful!
• Humans not good at using negative evidence
e.g. Wason's cards.
Abductive reasoning
• reasoning from event to cause
e.g. Sam drives fast when drunk.
If I see Sam driving fast, assume drunk.
• Unreliable:
– can lead to false explanations
Problem solving
• Process of finding solution to unfamiliar task using knowledge.
• Several theories.
Gestalt •
– problem solving both productive and reproductive
– productive draws on insight and restructuring of problem
– attractive but not enough evidence to explain `insight' etc.
– move away from behaviourism and led towards information processing theories
Problem solving (cont.)
• Problem space theory
– problem space comprises problem states
– problem solvinginvolves generating states usinglegal
• operators
– heuristics may be employedto select operators
• e.g. means-ends analysis
• – operates within humaninformation processing system
• e.g. STM limits etc.
• – largely applied to problem solvingin well-defined areas
• e.g. puzzles rather than knowledge intensiveareas
Problem solving (cont.)
• Analogy
– analogical mapping:
• novel problems in new domain?
• use knowledge of similar problem from similar domain
– analogical mapping difficult if domains are semantically different
• Skill acquisition
– skilled activity characterized by chunking
• lot of information is chunked to optimize STM
– conceptual rather than superficial grouping of problems
– information is structured more effectively
Errors and mental models
Types of error
• Slips



  • right intention , but failed to do it right – causes: poor physical skill,inattention etc.
    – change to aspect of skilled behaviour can cause slip
    • Mistakes
    – wrong intention
    – cause: incorrect understanding
    humans create mental models to explain behaviour. if wrong (different from actual system) errors can occur
    Emotion
    • Various theories of how emotion works
    – James-Lange: emotion is our interpretationof a physiological response to a stimuli
    – Cannon: emotion is a psychological response to a stimuli
    – Schacter-Singer: emotion is the result of our evaluation of our physiological responses, in the light of the whole situation we are in
    – Emotion clearly involves both cognitive and physical responses to stimuli
    Emotion (cont.)
    • The biological response to physical stimuli is called affect
    • Affect influences how we respond to situations
    – positive → creative problem solving
    – negative → narrow thinking
    “Negative affect can make it harder to do even easy tasks; positive affect can make it easier to do difficult tasks”
    (Donald Norman)


Emotion (cont.)
• Implications for interface design
– stress will increase the difficulty of problem solving
– relaxed users will be more forgiving of shortcomings in design
– aesthetically pleasing and rewarding interfaces will increase positive affect
Individual differences
• long term
– sex, physical and intellectual abilities
• short term
– effect of stress or fatigue
• changing
– age
Psychologyand the Design of Interactive System
• Some direct applications
– e.g. blue acuity is poor
blue should not be used for important detail
• However, correct application generally requires understanding of context in psychology, and an understandingof particular experimental conditions
• A lot of knowledge has been distilled in
– guidelines
– cognitive models
– experimental and analytic evaluation techniques ."


تلخيص النصوص العربية والإنجليزية أونلاين

تلخيص النصوص آلياً

تلخيص النصوص العربية والإنجليزية اليا باستخدام الخوارزميات الإحصائية وترتيب وأهمية الجمل في النص

تحميل التلخيص

يمكنك تحميل ناتج التلخيص بأكثر من صيغة متوفرة مثل PDF أو ملفات Word أو حتي نصوص عادية

رابط دائم

يمكنك مشاركة رابط التلخيص بسهولة حيث يحتفظ الموقع بالتلخيص لإمكانية الإطلاع عليه في أي وقت ومن أي جهاز ماعدا الملخصات الخاصة

مميزات أخري

نعمل علي العديد من الإضافات والمميزات لتسهيل عملية التلخيص وتحسينها


آخر التلخيصات

بدينا تخزينتنا ...

بدينا تخزينتنا ولم تفارقني الرغبة بان اكون بين يدي رجلين اثنين أتجرأ على عضويهما المنتصبين يتبادلاني...

خليج العقبة هو ...

خليج العقبة هو الفرع الشرقي للبحر الأحمر المحصور شرق شبه جزيرة سيناء وغرب شبه الجزيرة العربية، وبالإ...

فرضية كفاءة الس...

فرضية كفاءة السوق تعتبر فرضية السوق الكفء او فرضية كفاءة السوق بمثابة الدعامة او العمود الفقري للنظر...

‏@Moamen Azmy -...

‏@Moamen Azmy - مؤمن عزمي:موقع هيلخصلك اي مادة لينك تحويل الفيديو لنص https://notegpt.io/youtube-tra...

انا احبك جداً ت...

انا احبك جداً تناول البحث أهمية الإضاءة الطبيعية كأحد المفاهيم الجوهرية في التصميم المعماري، لما لها...

توفير منزل آمن ...

توفير منزل آمن ونظيف ويدعم الطفل عاطفيًا. التأكد من حصول الأطفال على الرعاية الطبية والتعليمية والن...

Le pêcheur et s...

Le pêcheur et sa femme Il y avait une fois un pêcheur et sa femme, qui habitaient ensemble une cahu...

في التاسع من ما...

في التاسع من مايو/أيار عام 1960، وافقت إدارة الغذاء والدواء الأمريكية على الاستخدام التجاري لأول أقر...

أهم نقاط الـ Br...

أهم نقاط الـ Breaker Block 🔹 ما هو الـ Breaker Block؟ • هو Order Block حقيقي يكون مع الاتجاه الرئي...

دوري كمدرب و مس...

دوري كمدرب و مسؤولة عن المجندات ، لا اكتفي باعطاء الأوامر، بل اعدني قدوة في الانضباط والالتزام .فالم...

سادساً: التنسيق...

سادساً: التنسيق مع الهيئة العامة للزراعة والثروة السمكية وفريق إدارة شؤون البيئة لنقل أشجار المشلع ب...

I tried to call...

I tried to call the hospital , it was too early in the morning because I knew I will be late for ...