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Paul's injera parts of which date from the 7th century faith and stone weren't the only things the Christian missionaries brought to thecountry they brought the international language of the Christian religion Latin terms became part of the English word horde Altera became otto apostolos became apostle mass monk and verse many others all come from the latin this will become a pattern of English the layering of words taken from different source languages and from Latin to the English took their script the angle saxons Frisians and Jutes who had become the English hadn't brought had become the English hadn't brought script as we know it with them but rules the runic alphabet was made up of symbols formed mainly of straight lines so the letters could be carved into stone or wood those were their media rather than parchment or paper though this is a short poem most examples of runic writing that survived suggest runes were mainly used for short practical messages or graffiti The latin alphabet was different with its curves and bows it allowed words to be easily written using pen and ink on two pages of parchment or vellum which gathered together into a book could be widely circulated Christianity brought the book to these shores verbum the word Soon a native culture of scholarship began to flower a culture based on Latin And in writing The magnificent Lindisfarne Gospels were created in the 8th century on the island of just off the northeast coast a few miles south at the monastery of st. Paul's in djaro the great English monk and scholar bead born and educated in Northumbria began writing the first ever history of the english-speaking people he wrote of course in Latin the language of scholarship the prevailing language among the people was still Old English but Latin this powerful medium was now amongst them now old English was written down using the Latin alphabet while retaining some of the old rooms as letters from the 7th century While retaining some of the old runes as letters from the 7th century we find English itself written on parchment in a language and a script which was just about recognized as our own with whiting old English still a march on other languages spoken in Europe at the time prayers were recorded and books of the bible translated the laws of the land were written down and the language soon became capable of recording and expressing an increasingly wide and subtle range of human experience and in the right hands old English was now powerful and supple enough to take you to imaginary worlds fire the blood be poetry.It was the victorians who dubbed Alfred the Great he was one of their darlings an English hero whose exploits were enthusiastically woven into the fabric of national myth but he very nearly didn't make it he come to the throne of Wessex within a year of the first Danish attacks in the southeast and at first he could hardly hold them back in 878 the Danes were on what happened appeared to be a decisive battle Chippenham in Wiltshire.

this is the south bank in London two thousand years ago if you had heard a human voice around here the language would have been incomprehensible a thousand years ago the English language had established its first base camp today English circles the globe it inhabits the air we breathe what started as a guttural tribal dialect seemingly isolated in a small island is now the language of well over a thousand million people around the world the story of the English language is an extraordinary one it has the characteristics of a bold and successful adventure tenacity luck near extinction on more than one occasion dazzling flexibility and an extraordinary power to absorb and it's still going on new dialects new English's are evolving all the time all over the world successive invasions introduced then threatened to destroy our language Our first program tells that story for 300 years English was forced underground our second program tells how It survived and how it fought back our third program will tell how the English language took on the power Blocks of church and state our fourth l'd became the language of Shakespeare in later programs were good to leave these shores as English did to tell the story of how in America the language of one great Empire became that of another we'll go to the Caribbean where a variety of new part English dialects took root India where English became a commanding unifying language in a country of a thousand tons and Australia where a continent knew English was invented by people many of whom had Been expelled from their mother country we'll travel through time to to explore how English in the 21st century has become the International language of business the language in which the world’s citizens communicate over the last 15 hundred years these small islands have achieved much that is remarkable but in my view England's greatest success story of all is the English language these programs are about the words we think in talking right in singing the words that describe the life we live this is where we can begin just after dawn in a foreign country on a flat shore by the North Sea in what we now call the Netherlands this is Friesland and it's in this part of the world that we can still hear the modern language that we believe sounds closest to what the ancestor of English sounded like fifteen hundred years ago in Friesland many people start their day listening to the weather forecast from popular weather pete kozma modern Frisian and modern English can both be traced back to the same family the traced back to the same family the Germanic family of languages and some words have stayed more or less the same down the centuries butter bread cheese down the centuries butter bread cheese meal sleep boat snow sea storm the West Germanic tribes who invented these words were a warlike adventurous people they'd been on the move through Europe for the best part of a thousand years and now had settlements in what we would call the lowlands of northern Europe Holland Germany and Denmark but there were still greedy for land ready To move on this is the island of terschelling the English coast is about 250 miles to the southwest behind me it was from these islands and the low-lying frisian mainland that in the 5th century a Germanic tribe part of the family that also contained Jutes Angles and Saxons made sail to look for a better life and they took their language our language with them whose Mead Florida Bar on Fran Radha Hayek stiff Tanaka snellie chest semi Ark snood every wooden who thought with this early odor lund Coshocton war Americana suarez wind for draught

the Germanic tribes weren't the first to invade our shores more than 500 years before the Romans had also come by sea to impose their will now their empire had crumbled and they'd abandoned these islands leaving the native tribes the britons or celts to their fate it was Willis a name that lives on in our modern languages Welsh 1,500 years ago it meant both foreigner and slave the Celts became servants and followers second-class citizens the only way up was to become part of the invaders tribes to adopt their culture and their language tribes to adopt their culture and their language the Celts in their language were pushed to the margins only a handful of words from the Celtic languages survived into modern English in the North where I come from we have crag meaning Rock Combe meaning deep valley and dialect words like brat and brach for badger there are traces in place-names the tour intro Penner spelled as top and how a neighboring village to my own that comes from the Celtic for peak the car of Carlisle means a fortified place in the South they left us the names of Tammy's and Aven Dover and London but these were fragments the language that prevailed was that of the victors by the end of the sixth century these Germanic tribes occupied half ofmainland Britain they had divided into a number of kingdoms Kent Sussex Essex andWessex denoting the settlements of southern eastern and western Saxon tribes east anglia named after the angles who gave England its name Mercer in the Midlands Northumbria in the north throughout these areas many modern place names come from that settlement or use the words they brought we live with them we live in them every dayThe in in modern place names means the people of torn as in Whitman where I come from means enclosure or village Han means farm which might surprise one or two Tottenham supporters the Germanic tribes now settled around the country all spoke their own dialects from among them when you merge one language anglo-saxon or Old English and We all speak it every day key words rang you from the names we give family members to numbers I miss most of those words are from Old English nouns like youth son daughter field friend home and ground prepositions like in and on into by and from the from old English all the numbers and verbs like drink come and go sing like and love but would these words have sounded different all these words have sounded different all those years ago in a slightly quieter in 597 the monk and pryor augustine led a mission from rome to kent around the same time irish monks of the celtic church were establishing a presence in the north within a century Christians built churches and monasteries mrs.st. Paul’s injera parts of which date from the 7th century faith and stone weren't the only things the Christian missionaries brought to thecountry they brought the international language of the Christian religion Latin terms became part of the English word horde Altera became otto apostolos became apostle mass monk and verse many others all come from the latin this will
become a pattern of English the layering of words taken from different source languages and from Latin to the English took their script the angle saxons Frisians and Jutes who had become the English hadn't brought had become the English hadn't brought script as we know it with them but rules the runic alphabet was made up of symbols formed mainly of straight lines so the letters could be carved into stone or wood those were their media rather than parchment or paper though this is a short poem most examples of runic writing that survived suggest runes were mainly used for short practical messages or graffiti The latin alphabet was different with its curves and bows it allowed words to be easily written using pen and ink on two pages of parchment or vellum which gathered together into a book could be widely circulated Christianity brought the book to these shores verbum the word Soon a native culture of scholarship began to flower a culture based on Latin And in writing The magnificent Lindisfarne Gospels were created in the 8th century on the island of just off the northeast coast a few miles south at the monastery of st. Paul's in djaro the great English monk and scholar bead born and educated in Northumbria began writing the first ever history of the english-speaking people he wrote of course in Latin the language of scholarship the prevailing language among the people was still Old English but Latin this powerful medium was now amongst them now old English was written down using the Latin alphabet while retaining some of the old rooms as letters from the 7th century While retaining some of the old runes as letters from the 7th century we find English itself written on parchment in a language and a script which was just about recognized as our own with whiting old English still a march on other languages spoken in Europe at the time prayers were recorded and books of the bible translated the laws of the land were written down and the language soon became capable of recording and expressing an increasingly wide and subtle range of human experience and in the right hands old English was now powerful and supple enough to take you to imaginary worlds fire the blood be poetry. No one knows who composed the epic beowulf sometime between the mid 7th and end of the 10th century it’s the first great poem in the English language the beginning of a glorious tradition which will lead to Chaucer Shakespeare and beyond the celebrates the glory days of the Germanic tribes epitomize in the heroic warrior who gives the poem its name. Within five years the Viking invaders who are now called Danes controlled the north and east of the country of the old anglo-saxon kingdoms only wessex still held out Old Norse the language of the conquerors was spreading throughout the land Old English potentially faced the same fate as the celtic language ithad supplanted virtual oblivion English was in need of a champion and it found one. It was the victorians who dubbed Alfred the Great he was one of their darlings an English hero whose exploits were enthusiastically woven into the fabric of national myth but he very nearly didn't make it he come to the throne of Wessex within a year of the first Danish attacks in the southeast and at first he could hardly hold them back in 878 the Danes were on what happened appeared to be a decisive battle Chippenham in Wiltshire. Contemporary English accounts described the battle that followed as a slaughter and a rout of the Danes by the West Saxons modern historians question that but there's no doubt that Alfred prevailed his crown and his kingdom were secured and more importantly for our story so is the English language.Score and sky and alive as well as perhaps a thousand others including anger bull freckle knife neck root skull and window sometimes we’re both old Norse and old English had a word for the same thing both words lived on in English each taking on slightly different meaning where old English said craft old Norse said skill for an English hide the north said skin in oldham she was sick in Norse you’re ill here was another example of English as extraordinary ability to absorb to take in words from other languages adding them to its word hoard increasing the richness and flexibility of the vocabulary I think that the point about my cover is how much it astonishes by its ordinary nature words like law egg husband leg lll die ugly all these words are from old Norse and yet you wouldn’t necessarily think they were foreign at all most astounding of all I think other pronouns they there and then those are also from old Norse an in terms of grammar in a way they simplified English didn’t they took it away from its Germanic roots these probably true to say that old Norse affects the English language more than any other visit actually leads to a restructuring of the language old English from sentences and not by word order as we do but by tacking on endings on to ends things like articles and pronouns and nouns and what happens is through contact with a pretty similar language a lot of these inflectional endings start to lose their distinctive nature and actually this is a process that we can see happening fairly early on in the Anglo-Saxon period so the language is prone to do that but contact with north language just speed eases up gave it a shove towards modernity can you give us a very simple example of that yas let’s take a simple sentence like and the king gave horses to his men that would be something like in old English say chimney gave blank an his guru now in old English you didn’t tend to have a preposition like to instead you could use a special ending which kind of meant to his men and that would be um ending and you just tack that onto the end of the noun for man so you’d have ghulam un ending now the plural for the word for horse you will say gave horses to his men would be have an N on it so every blonde can unfortunately towards the end of the old English period we start to see that um ending becoming more and more indistinct and we see spelling like GU man a n just the same as blank and a n its obvious that the king is more likely to give horses to his men men men to his horses but you can see that there’s a potential there for difficulties and so we start to see and prepositions being used in place off those ending which has become indistinct spoken English survived the danish invasion but as the ninth century drew to a close the written culture was in a ruinous state and king Alfred was concerned when alfred looked at the state of his kingdom he was appalled the scholars in the monasteries had once made England the greatest powerhouse of Christioan teaching in Europe but a hundred and fifty years had passed since the high days of bead and the scholarly tradition had declined hastened on its way by a century of Viking reigns in all the country alfred could barely find a handful of priests who could read and understand Latin and if they couldn’t understand Latin they couldn’t pass on the teachings of the religious books that told people how to lead virtuous lives they couldn’t save souls where the written word had once flourished Alfred now found only chronic spiritual sickness he looked for a cure one way was to educate more clergy in Latin but that wasn’t enough he hit on more radical solution a solution that hinged not on Latin but in English and he toos English to new heights of achievement in the preface to his own translation of Pope Gregory pastoral care Alfred wrote I remembered how before it was all ravaged and burned I’d seen how the churches throughout all England stood filled with treasures and books and there also a multitude of God’s servants who had very little benefit from those books because they couldn’t understand anything of them since were not written in that own language their own language was of course English Alfred didn’t want to do away with Latin but he realized that it would be far easier to teach people to read books written in the language they spoke the best scholars could then go on the learn Latin and join holy orders the rest would still have access to scholarship and spiritual guidance but would be written in English here in his capital city of Winchester Alfred drew up a plan it was an extraordinary imaginative project to promote literacy and restore the English language we should he wrote translate certain books which are most necessary for men to know into the language that we can all understand and also arrange it as with god’s help we very easily can if we have peace so that all the youth of freemen now among the English people will have the means to be able to devote themselves to it may be set to study for as long as they’re of no other use until the time that able to read English writing well after Gad five books of religious instruction philosophy and history translated from Latin into English a laborious and costly undertaking copies were sent out to the 12 bishops of his kingdom for their wisdom to be spread as widely as possible to each bishop to emphasize the importance and value of the project Alfred sent a costly pointer used to underline the text this is the Alfred jewel many historians believe that it formed the head of one of those pointers crafted in crystal and amylin gold it was discovered in 1694 in somerset and is now show at the ashmolean museum in Oxford its inscribed Alfred had me made in English alfred the great had made English language to jewel in his crown here in Winchester Alford has established what Was effectively a publishing house other projects he undertook included the commissioning of the Anglo-Saxon chronicle detailing hundred of years of history alfred dietin 899 one of his legacies was an English language which is more prestigious and widely read than ever befor there was nothing to compare with this range of written vernacular history philosophy poety anywhere else in mainland Europe English was out on its own by the middle of the 11th century English seemed secure but now other invaders were waiting in the wings and English was about to face its greatest threat ever this place the old Roman for dependency was a faithful one for English language it was here among other places that the Frisians and other Germanic tribes had made landfall in the 5th century and introduced their own language now in 1066 another wave of invaders was landing the normans when in 1066 William duke of Normandy sailed with his army to claim the English throne he was sure he has right on his side the English king Edward the confessor had spent many years in Normandy and in that time contemporary sources say had come to regard whiliam as a brother or even a son and it named him as his successor sensing his impending death and fearing rebellion at home the childless Edward had dispatched Harold godwinson his wife’s brother and his early of Essex the richest and most powerful of the English lords to Normandy to pledge loyalty to whilliam this Harold did swearing on two caskets of holy relics but when Edward did die howled supported by the nobility had himself crowned in Westminster abbey on the very day that Edward was laid to rest there the truculent and ruthless William this was an affront invasion with maximum force the only possible response The arimes met here near Hastings is the sport where traditionally Harold fell fatally pieced through the eye with an arrow the sight was later named after the engagement but it’s named not with an English word like fight but with a word from the language of the Norman victor’s battle Harold would be the last english speaking king of England for three centuries on Christmas Day 1066 William was crowned in Westminster abbey in a service conductor in English and Latin William spoke French throughout a new king and a new language were in authority in England enemy castle castle was one of the first French words to entry the English language
The normans built a chain of them to impose their rule on the country this magnificent castle at Rochester was one of the first to be fortified in stone by blood the normans were from the same stock as the Norseman who’d invaded in earlier centybut they no longer spoke a Germanic language rather would we call old French which had grown from Latin roots many of the words they spoke would have been very strange to the native English but would quickly become unpleasantly familiar our words are me archer soldier garrison and guard all come from the conquering Norman French French was the language that spelled out the architecture of the new social order Crown throne and court juke Bardon and nobility peasant vassal servant the word govern comes from French as do liberty authority obedience and traitor the normans took the law into their own hands felony arrest warrant justice judge and jury all come from French and so Do accuse acquit sentence condemned prison and jail its been estimated that in the three centuries after the conquest about ten thousand French words colonized the English language they didn’t come in immediately but the conquest opened a conduit of French vocabulary that remain open on and off ever since today French words are all around us city market porter here we are lock one fabulous salamon weight about 14 pound it is a fabulous fish we’ve got some fabulous mammal they’re come out from Aberdeen next door the oysters they come from the Essex coast soul park sausage bacon orange but juicy leathers grape tart biscuit sugary cream fry vinegar nearly 500 words dealing with food cooking and eating alone entered English from French just a fraction of the imports which would enrich the English word hoard in the centuries after the norman conquest Within 20 years of taking control of the country William sent his officers out to take stock of his kingdom the monks of Peterborough who were still recording the events of history in English in the Anglo-Saxon chronicle noted disapproving they’re not one piece of land escaped the survey not even an ox or a crow or a pig The doomsday book there are intact two volumes show us how complete the norman takeover of English land was and how widespread their influence and their language the norman settlements had concentrated the wealth of England more than ever before or since the native ruling class from before the conquest had been slaughtered banished or disinherited in favor of William’s followers half of the country was in the hands of just a hundred and ninety men half of that helped the English language had been forced underground it would take 300 years for it to re-emerge and when he did he would have changed dramatically