خدمة تلخيص النصوص العربية أونلاين،قم بتلخيص نصوصك بضغطة واحدة من خلال هذه الخدمة
Introduction to computer systems
CSC 115
Primitive Data
Types and Variables
How Computing Works?Console.WriteLine("a+b={0} sum={1} equal={2}",
a+b, sum, equal);
41
Decimal Floating-Point Types
? There is a special decimal floating-point
real number type in C#:
? decimal (+-1,0 x 10-28 to +-7,9 x 1028): 128-bits,
precision of 28-29 digits
? Used for financial calculations
? No round-off errors
? Almost no loss of precision
? The default value of decimal type is:
? 0.0M (M is the suffix for decimal numbers)
42
The Boolean Data Type
? The Boolean data type:
? Is declared by the bool keyword
? Has two possible values: true and false
? Is useful in logical expressions
? The default value is false
43
Boolean Values - Example
? Example of boolean variables taking values of
true or false:
int a = 1;
int b = 2;
bool greaterAB = (a > b);
Console.WriteLine(greaterAB); // False
bool equalA1 = (a == 1);
Console.WriteLine(equalA1); // True
44
The Character Data Type
? The character data type:
? Represents symbolic information
? Is declared by the char keyword
? Gives each symbol a corresponding integer code
? Has a '\0' default value
? Takes 16 bits of memory (from U+0000 to
U+FFFF)
45
Characters and Codes
? The example below shows that every symbol
has an its unique Unicode code:
char symbol = 'a';
Console.WriteLine("The code of '{0}' is: {1}",
symbol, (int) symbol);
symbol = 'b';
Console.WriteLine("The code of '{0}' is: {1}",
symbol, (int) symbol);
symbol = 'A';
Console.WriteLine("The code of '{0}' is: {1}",
symbol, (int) symbol);
46
The String Data Type
?class_"A"? point9 ? Declaring Variables
? When declaring a variable we:
? Specify its type
? Specify its name (called identifier)
? May give it an initial value
? The syntax is the following:
? Example:
int height = 200;
53
Initializing Variables
? Initializing
? Is assigning of initial value
? Must be done before the variable is used! ? Several ways of initializing:
? By using the new keyword
? By using a literal expression
? By referring to an already initialized variable
54
Initialization - Examples
? Example of some initializations:
// The following would assign the default
// value of the int type to num:
int num = new int(); // num = 0
// This is how we use a literal expression:
float heightInMeters = 1.74f;
// Here we use an already initialized variable:
string greeting = "Hello World!";
string message = greeting;
55
Escaping Sequences
?Using a Structure Type
Employee companyEmployee;
companyEmployee.firstName = "Joe";
companyEmployee.age = 23;
public struct Employee
{
public string firstName;
public int age;
}
Thinking Corner: Ants
? An ant starts walking on a bright whose length
is m meters. The ant walks with velocity v
meters/second. After arriving at one end of
the bridge, it walks back with the same speed. It keeps walking for t minutes. How many
rounds that the ant completely crosses the
bridge and gets back to the starting point? Write a program that takes m, v, and t , as double, and
compute how many rounds that the ant walks over
the bridge. Ideas
? From the duration and speed, we can calculate
the total distance the ant walks. ? From the distance and the length of the
bridge, we can calculate the number of rounds
? The problem we have to solve is that how we
manage to removes all the fractions in the
result by the division. ? We will start with a program that compute the
number of rounds, in real, and we will fix this
problem later. Partial solution
? method Main
static void Main()
{
Console.Write("Enter m (m): ");
double m =
double.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
Console.Write("Enter v (m/s): ");
double v =
double.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
Console.Write("Enter t (min): ");
double t =
double.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
double dist = v * t * 60;
(click to show)
Can You Spot the Disallowed Variable Names?int.Parse(string) - parses a string to int
string str = Console.ReadLine()
int number = int.Parse(str);
Console.WriteLine("You entered: ", number);
15
Converting Strings to Numbers
? Numeral types have a method Parse(...) for
extracting the numeral value from a string
? int.Parse(string) - string -> int
? long.Parse(string) - string -> long
? float.Parse(string) - string -> float
? Causes FormatException in case of error
string s = "123";
int i = int.Parse(s); // i = 123
long l = long.Parse(s); // l = 123L
string invalid = "xxx1845";
int value = int.Parse(invalid); // FormatException
16
Reading Numbers from the
Console - Example
17
static void Main()
{
int a = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
int b = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
Console.WriteLine(a, b, a+b);
Console.WriteLine(a, b, a*b);
float f = float.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
Console.WriteLine (a, b, f, a*b/f);
}
Declaring Local Variables
?Depending on the unit of measure we may use
different data types:
byte centuries = 20; // Usually a small number
ushort years = 2000;
uint days = 730480;
ulong hours = 17531520; // May be a very big number
Console.WriteLine("centuries is years, or days, or
hours.", centuries, years, days, hours);
13
Console.ReadLine()
? Gets a line of characters
? Returns a string value
? Returns null if the end of the input is reached
Console.Write("Please enter your first name: ");
string firstName = Console.ReadLine();
Console.Write("Please enter your last name: ");
string lastName = Console.ReadLine();
Console.WriteLine("Hello, ",firstName, lastName);
14
Reading Numeral Types
?Specifying extra formatting:
Console.WriteLine("Size {0}x{1}", width, height);
double salary=12000;
Console.WriteLine("My salary is {0:f2}.", salary);
Console.WriteLine("Hello");
Console.WriteLine(area);
25
Exercise : Find the output of
the following Code
? using System;
class Binary
{ public static void Main()
{
int x, y, result;
float floatresult;
x = 7; y = 5;
result = x+y; Console.WriteLine("x+y: {0}", result);
result = x-y; Console.WriteLine("x-y: {0}", result);
result = x*y; Console.WriteLine("x*y: {0}", result);
result = x/y; Console.WriteLine("x/y: {0}", result);
floatresult = (float)x/(float)y;
Console.WriteLine("x/y: {0}", floatresult);
result = x%y;
Console.WriteLine("x%y: {0}", result);
result += x;
Console.WriteLine("result+=x: {0}", result);
}
}
26
And here's the output:
x+y: 12
x-y: 2
x*y: 35
x/y: 1
x/y: 1.4
x%y: 2
?Using the + operator
string s = "Microsoft .NET Framework";
47
Saying Hello - Example
? Concatenating the two names of a person to
obtain his full name:
? NOTE: a space is missing between the two
names! We have to add it manually
string firstName = "Ivan";
string lastName = "Ivanov";
Console.WriteLine("Hello, {0}!\n", firstName);
string fullName = firstName + " " + lastName;
Console.WriteLine("Your full name is {0}.",
fullName);
48
What Is a Variable?\' for single quote \" for double quote
? \\ for backslash \n for new line
? \uXXXX for denoting any other Unicode symbol
56
Character Literals - Example
? Examples of different character literals:
char symbol = 'a'; // An ordinary symbol
symbol = '\u006F'; // Unicode symbol code in
// a hexadecimal format
symbol = '\u8449'; // ? (Leaf in Traditional Chinese)
symbol = '\''; // Assigning the single quote symbol
symbol = '\\'; // Assigning the backslash symbol
symbol = '\n'; // Assigning new line symbol
symbol = '\t'; // Assigning TAB symbol
symbol = "a"; // Incorrect: use single quotes
57
Structure Types
?May lose precision, but not magnitude
using System;
class Test
{
static void Main( )
{
int intValue = 123;
long longValue = intValue;
Console.WriteLine("(long) {0} = {1}", intValue,
?longValue);
}
}
Explicit Data Type Conversion
? To do explicit conversions, use a cast
expression:
using System;
class Test
{
static void Main( )
{
long longValue = Int64.MaxValue;
int intValue = (int) longValue;
Console.WriteLine("(int) {0} = {1}", longValue,
?intValue);
}
}
What are Floating-Point Types?struct
User-Defined
Value Types
Built-in Type
Data Types
9
Type Size Description Range
bool 1 byte Store truth value true / false
char 1 byte Store one character character code 0 - 255
byte 1 byte Store positive integer 0 - 255
short 2 byte Store integer -32,768 -- 32,767
int 4 byte Store integer -2.1 x 109
-- 2.1 x 109
long 8 byte Store integer -9.2 x 1018
-- 9.2 x 1018
double 16 byte Store real number +- 5.0x10-324
-- +-
1.7x10308
string N/A Store sequence of
characters
N/A
What are Integer Types?NOTE: The "f" suffix in the first statement! ? Real numbers are by default interpreted as double! ? One should explicitly convert them to float
float floatPI = 3.141592653589793238f;
double doublePI = 3.141592653589793238;
Console.WriteLine("Float PI is: {0}", floatPI);
Console.WriteLine("Double PI is: {0}", doublePI);
40
Floating-Point Calculations
?Declare five variables choosing for each of them the
most appropriate of the types byte, sbyte, short,
ushort, int, uint, long, ulong to represent the
following values: 52130, -115, 4825932, 97, -10000.???????????????2.3.5.6.8.
Introduction to computer systems
CSC 115
Primitive Data
Types and Variables
How Computing Works?
Computers are machines that process data
Data is stored in the computer memory in
variables
Variables have data type, name and value
Example of variable definition and assignment
in C#
int count = 5;
Data type
Variable name
Variable value
3
What Is a Data Type?
A data type:
Is a domain of values of similar characteristics
Defines the type of information stored in the
computer memory (in a variable)
Examples:
Positive integers: 1, 2, 3, …
Alphabetical characters: a, b, c, …
4
Data Type Characteristics
A data type has:
Name (C# keyword ---- int, double)
Size (how much memory is used)
Default value
Example:
Integer numbers in C#
Name: int
Size: 32 bits (4 bytes)
Default value: zero
5
Overview of Common Type System (CTS
CTS supports both value and reference types
Reference Type
Type
Value Type
Comparing Value and
Reference Types
◼ Value types:
◼ Directly contain
their data
◼ Each has its own
copy of data
◼ Operations on one
cannot affect
another
◼ Reference types:
◼ Store references to their
data (known as objects)
◼ Two reference variables
can reference same
object
◼ Operations on one can
affect another
Comparing Built-in and UserDefined Value Types
◼ Examples of
built-in value
types:
◼ Int
◼ double
◼ Examples of user-defined
value types:
◼ enum
◼ struct
User-Defined
Value Types
Built-in Type
Data Types
9
Type Size Description Range
bool 1 byte Store truth value true / false
char 1 byte Store one character character code 0 – 255
byte 1 byte Store positive integer 0 – 255
short 2 byte Store integer -32,768 -- 32,767
int 4 byte Store integer -2.1 x 109
-- 2.1 x 109
long 8 byte Store integer -9.2 x 1018
-- 9.2 x 1018
double 16 byte Store real number ± 5.0x10-324
-- ±
1.7x10308
string N/A Store sequence of
characters
N/A
What are Integer Types?
Integer types:
Represent whole numbers
May be signed or unsigned
Have range of values, depending on the size of
memory used
The default value of integer types is:
0 – for integer types, except
0L – for the long type
10
Integer Types
Integer types are:
sbyte (-128 to 127): signed 8-bit
byte (0 to 255): unsigned 8-bit
short (-32,768 to 32,767): signed 16-bit
ushort (0 to 65,535): unsigned 16-bit
int (-2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647): signed
32-bit
uint (0 to 4,294,967,295): unsigned 32-bit
11
Integer Types (2)
More integer types:
long (-9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to
9,223,372,036,854,775,807): signed 64-bit
ulong (0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615):
unsigned 64-bit
12
Measuring Time – Example
Depending on the unit of measure we may use
different data types:
byte centuries = 20; // Usually a small number
ushort years = 2000;
uint days = 730480;
ulong hours = 17531520; // May be a very big number
Console.WriteLine("centuries is years, or days, or
hours.", centuries, years, days, hours);
13
Console.ReadLine()
Gets a line of characters
Returns a string value
Returns null if the end of the input is reached
Console.Write("Please enter your first name: ");
string firstName = Console.ReadLine();
Console.Write("Please enter your last name: ");
string lastName = Console.ReadLine();
Console.WriteLine("Hello, ",firstName, lastName);
14
Reading Numeral Types
Numeral types can not be read directly from the
console
To read a numeral type do the following:
تلخيص النصوص العربية والإنجليزية اليا باستخدام الخوارزميات الإحصائية وترتيب وأهمية الجمل في النص
يمكنك تحميل ناتج التلخيص بأكثر من صيغة متوفرة مثل PDF أو ملفات Word أو حتي نصوص عادية
يمكنك مشاركة رابط التلخيص بسهولة حيث يحتفظ الموقع بالتلخيص لإمكانية الإطلاع عليه في أي وقت ومن أي جهاز ماعدا الملخصات الخاصة
نعمل علي العديد من الإضافات والمميزات لتسهيل عملية التلخيص وتحسينها
خامسا: الافتراض المسبق هو أمر يفترضه المتكلمون ويسبق تفوههم بالكلام، وهو لا يكمن في كلمة أو عبارة، ف...
The appearance design of digital sound level meter is novel, small and portable(App is just for the ...
إن عدم قابلية حقوق الإنسان وترابطها وتشابكها مصطلح يبرز بشكل متزايد في الخطاب الدولي لحقوق الإنسان. ...
الإجراءات الجزائية الخاصة بقضايا الأطفال: إن جنوح الأطفال يعتبر ظاهرة مست كل المجتمعات، حيث كان ينظ...
جذور الفكر الماركسي في العراق لقد كان لانتصار ثورة أكتوبر الاشتراكية عام 1917 الحافز الأول لانتشا...
can help you sort data for easier access, analysis, or presentation Employed in situations where mi...
Recurrent otitis media and behaviour problems in middle childhood: A longitudinal cohort study Ali A...
Organization of the Nervous System, Basic Functions of Synapses, and Neurotransmitters. The nervou...
أهميّة اللّغة العربيّة إنّ للّغة العربيّة أهميّةً كبيرةً في الثّقافة والتّراث والأدب العربيّ؛ لأنّها...
تعرف الهندسة المالية التقليدية بأنها تحليل البيانات المتحصلة من السوق المالية ، باستخدام الخوارزميات...
إن من يتأمل في الواقع الثقافي والفكري وكذلك الفلسفي زيادة على الواقع الدولي، سيجد عناية واهتماما واس...
هو وظيفة من وظائف الإدارة ذات التأثير الشمولي على كامل نشاطات المؤسسة و دوره في يتحدد في انه يقدم لن...