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What is the industry ?
 The industry is a set of procedures, processes,
and/or activities performed on raw materials with the
objective of making finished products.
 The industry requires not only raw materials but
also:
 Large amounts of energy.
 Specialized machinery
 A lot of human resources and skills.
 A lot of investment in capital and great markets with
high purchasing capacity.
 On a global scale, highly developed industries are
mainly concentrated in North America, Western
Europe, Russia, and Japan.
What is the industry ?
 The industry is a fundamental activity in the
economy of any country, and it's responsible for the
the processing and transformation of natural
products (raw materials) into other finished and
semi-finished products.
 The modern industry started with the industrial
revolution that took place in England in the mid of
18th century.
 Industrial Chemistry is the branch of chemistry
which applies physical and chemical procedures
towards the transformation of natural raw material
and their derivatives to products that are of benefits
to humanity. (On the basis of natural raw materials, we
find it easier to study industrial inorganic and industrial
organic chemistry separately.)
Raw Materials for the chemical industry
 Raw Materials from the Atmosphere
Air (N2
, O2
, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe)
 Raw Materials from the Hydrosphere
Good source of NaCl, Mg, and Br.
 Raw Materials from Lithosphere
Mineral ores, Carbon and Hydrocarbons, coal, Natural
Gas and Crude petroleum.
 Raw Materials from Biosphere
Oils, Fats, Waxes, Reins, Sugar, Natural Fibers, and
Leather
Industrial Inorganic Chemistry
 Chemical industries are very important for us
because it has touched all our aspects of life like a
agriculture, environment, food, hygiene, catalysis,
construction, etc.
 Industrial inorganic chemistry includes subdivisions
of the chemical industry that manufacture inorganic
products on a large scale such as the heavy
inorganic (chloro-alkalis, sulfuric acid, sulfates) and
fertilizers (potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorous
products) as well as segments of fine chemicals that
are used to produce high purity inorganics on a
much smaller scale such as reagents and raw
materials used in high-tech industries, such as
pharmaceuticals or electronics, catalysts, pigments,
and propellants الوقود.
Chemicals
 Egypt’s chemical industry exports surge by 35% in
the first half (1H) of 2022. 2022 عام من من االول النصف
 Chemical manufacturing creates products by
transforming organic and inorganic raw materials
with chemical processes.
 Chemicals generally are classified into three groups:
 Commodity Chemicals
 Specialty Chemicals
 Fine Chemicals
Chemicals
 Commodity chemicals are the foundation materials
produced in large quantities and in general their
applications can be traced back to their chemical
structure; for this reason, two commodities
produced by two different suppliers but with the
same chemical structure and purity are almost
identical and in general their cost is relatively low.
 BIC (Basic inorganic chemicals)
 Ammonia, Sodium hydroxide, Nitric acid, Sulfuric
acid, Hydrochloric acid, Chlorine, Phosphoric acid.
 BOC (Basic Organic Chemicals)
 Ethylene and propylene
Chemicals
 Specialty chemicals : are constituted by a mixture of
different chemical substances, that is designed and
produced in order to be applied to a specific application.
 The formulation of specialties is the result of scientific
researches carried out by the producer company, so each
formulation and associated properties are unique and for
this reason in the majority of the cases it is not possible
to easily interchange two different specialties by two
different suppliers.
 Examples of applications of specialty chemicals are
pharmaceuticals industry and agriculture; they produced
by batch plant and their cost is higher comparing to
commodity chemicals.
 Specialty chemicals may be called effect chemicals or
performance chemicals as they are designed for action in
the end user application.
Chemicals
 Fine chemicals are the commodity chemicals, they are
chemical substances characterized by their chemical structure,
but , on the contrary of commodity chemicals, they are produced
in a small quantity ; fine chemicals can be used as components in
the formulation of specialty chemicals.
 For example active ingredients of pharmaceutical drugs are fine
chemicals, but the pharmaceutical drug is a specialty chemical.
Example of applications of fine chemicals are; pharmaceuticals
industry, agriculture, photography chemicals, and electronic
chemicals; they are produced by batch plant and in general their
cost is relatively high.
 Fine chemicals are single, pure chemicals created in tailored
batches. The manufacture of fine chemicals is an advanced,
multi-stage procedure that must create batches with ultra-high
levels of purity and meet strict specifications.
 . Chemicals generally are summarized to
Commodity
Chemicals
Specialty
Chemicals Fine
Chemicals
are produced in large
quantities and are
used to produce fine
chemicals
are combinations of two or
more fine chemicals may be
called effect chemicals as
they are designed for action
in the end –user application.
are blended to make
specialty chemicals
with end-use
specific properties.
High valued and
pure organic
chemicals produced
in relatively low
volumes and sold on
the basis of exact
specifications of
purity.
Low valued products
produced in large
quantities mostly in
continuous process
High –valued products
produced in small quantities
for specific uses.. Enzymes,
dyes medicinal chemicals,
agrochemicals, flavor,
personal care products,
surfactants and adhesives
Chemicals
 The chemical industries is considered one of the largest
industrial sectors in Egypt; it includes 7 main subsectors,
which are plastics, rubber, paper, detergents, paints,
fertilizers, glass, and cement.
 The petrochemical sector represents about 12% of Egypt's
total industrial production and is worth around US $7 billion
annually. While this figure is equivalent to just 3% of Egypt's
total GDP (gross domestic product).
Which is the main inorganic chemical industry?
 By far the biggest SO2
- emitting Inorganic Chemical
Industry plants are production sites of sulfuric acid. They
are followed by production plants of NPK (nitrogen,
phosphorous, and potassium) fertilizers (top 21),
Titanium dioxide, black carbon, Ammonia, Ammonium
sulfate, calcium carbide, Nitric acid.
 Which country is No 1 in chemical industry ?
• The largest chemical company in the world is China
Petroleum Chemical Corporation: with a revenue of $424.837
– 595.3 billion.
• USA : The united states of America is the world's leading
country in the production of chemical products. It produces
nearly 30 to 35% nitric acid, soda ash and caustic soda of the
world and also ranks second in the production of sulphuric
acid.
Which is it important to study the industrial chemistry?
 Industrial chemistry has assisted in the discovery and
development of new and improved synthetic fibers, paints,
adhesives, drugs, cosmetics, electronic components,
lubricants and thousands of other products, and improved
processes for oil refining and petrochemical processing that
saves energy and reduces pollution.
 What do we study in industrial chemistry ?
 Industrial chemistry is the branch of chemistry which
applies physical and chemical processes towards the
transformation of raw materials into products that are
beneficial to humanity.
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
 Chemical manufacturing can be optimized by Artificial
Intelligence (AI).
 Benefits of AI in chemical manufacturing
 Asset optimization towards zero-waste strategy.
 Minimized energy consumption.
 Higher end product quality
 Improved regulatory compliance
 Streamlined production process and scheduling
 Zero-accident culture with visual inspection and
predictive maintenance.
 No 1 industrial chemical is sulfuric acid.
 In North America, they produced about 50 million
tons a year, mostly by burning sulfur to sulfur
dioxide which is then reacted with water.
 Sulfuric acid is very important to produce Fertilizers.
 What the rank of India in Chemical Industry?
 it ranks 14th in exports and 18th in imports of
chemicals at global level (excluding
pharmaceuticals)
What is the number 1 industrial Chemical?
 Industry is a base role in the development of countries.
“developed country” is the same as saying “industrialized
country”.
 A agricultural growth is a parallel factor to industry
development.
 The types of industries available:
 Depending on the degree of complexity of the production
processes, the industries are heavy and light.
 The heavy industries is in charge of transforming raw
materials into semi- finished products, and are characterized
by requiring a greater concentration of capital and constant
technological renewal. Usually, steel, metallurgy, and
petrochemicals are considered.
 On the other hand, capital goods industries use the semi-finished
products of basic industries to manufacture machinery and tools
for other industries – like construction and mechanical industries.
Importance of industry in economic development
 Light industries are responsible for producing
goods that can be directly consumed by the
population. This includes the food, textile,
chemical, electronic, automotive, and marine
industries.
 What are the benefits that industries bring to help the
development of any country?
• Better utilization of natural resources
• A decrease in levels of underemployment
• Improvement in capital accumulation.
• Support of other economic sectors.
• Greater economic independence