لخّصلي

Chapter One Scientific Article Is a scientific article that reports the methods and results of an original scientific study performed by the authors.The introduction section of your research paper should include the following: o General introduction o Problem definition o Gaps in the literature o Problems solution o Aims & objectives o Significance and advantages of your work The literature review The literature review section of your research paper should include the following: o Previous literature o Limitations of previous research o Research questions o Research to be explored o Previous literature The literature review shows that __ Page 5 of 36 Badji Mokhtar Annaba University Department of Biology Dr. NEDJAI RADHIA Previous research showed __ Previous studies have shown __ Several studies suggest that __ Prior research suggests that __ Most early studies as well as current work focus on __ Some authors have also suggested that __ This has been discussed by a great number of authors in literature.This question has previously never been addressed because__ In previous studies were limited to __ These are previously unstudied because __ As far as we know, no previous research has investigated __ Research questions The study addresses several further questions on __ Some of the interesting questions in this context are __ The question now is how __ can be used to explain __ Study addresses the research question __ In order to properly address this question, we __ An important question associated with __ is __ A critical open question is whether __ A still unsolved question is whether __ This remains an open question as __ This question has previously never been addressed because __ Many questions remain unanswered __ This was an important question to study as __ 7.Chaicago with Chicago style Hadadi, Amina, Ali Imessaoudene, Jean Claude Bollinger, Aymen Amine Assadi, Abdeltif Amrane, and Lotfi Mouni.Page 6 of 36 Badji Mokhtar Annaba University Department of Biology Dr. NEDJAI RADHIA a. Figures All figures in the scientific article should have a concise noun title and a concise explanatory caption.Page 7 of 36 Badji Mokhtar Annaba University Department of Biology Dr. NEDJAI RADHIA The Advantages of a Constant Style of References The advantages of having a constant style within a journal is: o the ease of reading the references at the end of each article o the ease of finding reference parts by the reader if he/she is used to the format and plans to look up the reference.Comparison of Four Plant-Based Bio-Coagulants Performances against Alum and Ferric Chloride in the Turbidity Improvement of Bentonite Synthetic Water.Additionally, the methods of statistical analysis should be clearly identified, and any statistical software programs used in the study should be appropriately cited.For novel methods, a detailed description is required, while well?established methods can be briefly summarized or referenced appropriately.Reference with APA style Hadadi, A., Imessaoudene, A., Bollinger, J. C., Assadi, A. A., Amrane, A., & Mouni, L. (2022). The kind of study may vary (it could be an experiment, survey, interview, or any other kind of studies), but in all cases, raw data have been collected and analyzed by the authors, and conclusions are drawn from the results of that analysis.o Corresponding author role: Clearly indicate who will handle correspondence at all stages of refereeing and publication, also post-publication.Introduction This section provides an overview of the research background, outlining the objectives and significance of the study in relation to existing research in the field.It was reported in literature that __ A recent study by __ concluded that __ Limitations of previous research A number of questions regarding __ remain to be addressed.c. Equations Equations contained in the scientific article should be prepared by equation editors, e.g., Microsoft Equation Editor built in Word, instead of inserted pictures.Page 4 of 36 Badji Mokhtar Annaba University Department of Biology Dr. NEDJAI RADHIA 3.2.6.8.9.11.Water, 14(20).

Chapter One
Scientific Article
Is a scientific article that reports the methods and results of an original scientific study
performed by the authors.
The kind of study may vary (it could be an experiment, survey, interview, or any other kind of
studies), but in all cases, raw data have been collected and analyzed by the authors, and
conclusions are drawn from the results of that analysis.
What is the purpose of a scientific article?
Scientific papers are for sharing your own original research work with other scientists or for
reviewing the research conducted by others. As such, they are critical to the evolution of modern
science, in which the work of one scientist builds upon that of others.
Structure of a Scientific Article

1. Title
   The title of a scientific article should be a concise, specific and informative noun phrase.
   Abbreviations or formulae should be avoided where possible.


2. Author List
   • Authors’ full first and last names must be provided.
   • There is the main author and the co-authors.
   • At least one author should be designated as corresponding author.
   • The email address of the corresponding authors should be provided in the scientific article.
   • Corresponding author role: Clearly indicate who will handle correspondence at all stages
   of refereeing and publication, also post-publication. This responsibility includes answering
   any future queries about Methodology and Materials.
   Page 4 of 36
   Badji Mokhtar Annaba University Department of Biology Dr. NEDJAI RADHIA


3. Author Affiliations
   • Each author must be affiliated to at least one institute.
   • If author’s affiliation has changed after the study was finished and before the paper was
   accepted, current affiliation should be indicated as well.
   • The affiliation should be organized in the style: Department, University/Organizational
   affiliation, City, Country.
   • In general, the affiliation of authors could be:

• University


• Institute


• Center of research


• Hospital

4. Abstract
   The abstract section of your research paper should include the following:
   • Purpose
   • Scope (Methods)
   • Results
   • Conclusion


5. Keywords
   Each scientific article must contain 3 to 6 keywords that be pertinent to the subject.


6. Introduction
   This section provides an overview of the research background, outlining the objectives and
   significance of the study in relation to existing research in the field. The introduction section of
   your research paper should include the following:
   • General introduction
   • Problem definition
   • Gaps in the literature
   • Problems solution
   • Aims & objectives
   • Significance and advantages of your work
   The literature review
   The literature review section of your research paper should include the following:
   • Previous literature
   • Limitations of previous research
   • Research questions
   • Research to be explored
   • Previous literature
   The literature review shows that __
   Page 5 of 36
   Badji Mokhtar Annaba University Department of Biology Dr. NEDJAI RADHIA
   Previous research showed __
   Previous studies have shown __
   Several studies suggest that __
   Prior research suggests that __
   Most early studies as well as current work focus on __ Some authors have also suggested that __
   This has been discussed by a great number of authors in literature. As has been previously
   reported in the literature, __
   Several methods are reported in the literature to address this issue. It was reported in literature
   that __
   A recent study by __ concluded that __
   Limitations of previous research
   A number of questions regarding __ remain to be addressed.
   A closer look to the literature on , however, reveals a number of gaps. This question has
   previously never been addressed because In previous studies were limited to __
   These are previously unstudied because __
   As far as we know, no previous research has investigated __
   Research questions
   The study addresses several further questions on __
   Some of the interesting questions in this context are __
   The question now is how __ can be used to explain __
   Study addresses the research question __
   In order to properly address this question, we __
   An important question associated with __ is __
   A critical open question is whether __
   A still unsolved question is whether __
   This remains an open question as __
   This question has previously never been addressed because __
   Many questions remain unanswered __
   This was an important question to study as __


7. Methodology
   This section provides a comprehensive description of the research methodology to enable others
   to replicate the work. For novel methods, a detailed description is required, while well￾established methods can be briefly summarized or referenced appropriately. It is essential to
   clearly explain the resources, materials, data, and protocols used in the study, particularly for
   those with restricted access. The names of suppliers for all antibodies used in the study should be
   provided. Additionally, the methods of statistical analysis should be clearly identified, and any
   statistical software programs used in the study should be appropriately cited.


8. Results
   It presents the experimental findings. Tables and figures may be included in this section.
   Page 6 of 36
   Badji Mokhtar Annaba University Department of Biology Dr. NEDJAI RADHIA
   a. Figures
   All figures in the scientific article should have a concise noun title and a concise explanatory
   caption. Figures should be sequentially ordered in numerical order (e.g., Figure 1 or Figure 1A)
   throughout the paper.
   b. Tables
   Tables should be prepared in editable Word format, instead of inserted pictures.
   All tables should contain a brief noun title while all columns should be given an explanatory
   heading. Tables should be sequentially ordered in numerical order (e.g. Table 1) throughout the
   paper and inserted in the text near their first citation.
   c. Equations
   Equations contained in the scientific article should be prepared by equation editors, e.g.,
   Microsoft Equation Editor built in Word, instead of inserted pictures.


9. Discussion
   The findings and their implications should be discussed and/or compared with those of other
   studies. Future research directions may also be recommended in this section.
   10.Conclusion
   This is an optional section, which can be included if the discussion is very long or complicated.


10. Acknowledgments
    List here those who provided help during the research (e.g., providing language help, writing
    assistance or proofreading the article, etc.).
    12.References
    • There are over 1,000 different reference styles.
    • The two most common bibliography styles are: the American Psychological Association
    (APA) and the Chicago Manual of Style.
    • APA style: is widely used by Education, Psychology, and Sciences.
    • Chicago style: is common in history and some other humanities and sciences.
    • The most common types of references include journal article, book, book section or chapter,
    dissertation, monograph, and webpage. As an example, for a journal article, the parts of a
    reference in the sequence include authors, article title, journal title, date of publication, volume,
    issue, and location/pagination.
    • Each journal has its own modification of the format for each part and the punctuation
    marks, or their lack of, between the parts.
    Page 7 of 36
    Badji Mokhtar Annaba University Department of Biology Dr. NEDJAI RADHIA
    The Advantages of a Constant Style of References
    The advantages of having a constant style within a journal is:
    • the ease of reading the references at the end of each article
    • the ease of finding reference parts by the reader if he/she is used to the format and plans to
    look up the reference.
    Reference Manager
    Reference manager like EndNote and Mendeley, is recommended if a scientific article,
    especially review article, contains a large number of references.
    Reference with APA style
    Hadadi, A., Imessaoudene, A., Bollinger, J. C., Assadi, A. A., Amrane, A., & Mouni, L.
    (2022). Comparison of Four Plant-Based Bio-Coagulants Performances against Alum and
    Ferric Chloride in the Turbidity Improvement of Bentonite Synthetic Water. Water, 14(20).
    Chaicago with Chicago style
    Hadadi, Amina, Ali Imessaoudene, Jean Claude Bollinger, Aymen Amine Assadi, Abdeltif
    Amrane, and Lotfi Mouni. “Comparison of Four Plant-Based Bio-Coagulants
    Performances against Alum and Ferric Chloride in the Turbidity Improvement of Bentonite
    Synthetic Water.” Water, 14, no. 20 (2022).
    Pag