لخّصلي

Trace metal contents of facial (make-up) cosmetics
commonly used in Nigeria
NNOROM, I.C.1*, IGWE, J.C.1 and OJI-NNOROM C.G.2
1Department of Industrial Chemistry, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria.kohl 0.6%-50% - 46% Parry and
Eaton, 1991
Bulgaria eye shadow, lipstick
and
powders
ND-41.1
ug/g
- - Tsankov et
al.,1982
- eye shadows <20ug/g - 1-49 ug/g - - Sainio et al., 2000
Oman and UAE bint al dhahab ~91%(PbO)
~0.05%
- - - Worthing et al.,
1995
Bahrain suma and kohl < 0.16% - - - - Madany and
Akhter, 1992
- surma ~88% - - - - Moghraby et al.,
1989
- kohl ~53%
- - - - Al-Ashban et al.,
2004
Israel Kohl 17.3-79.5% - - - - Nir et al., 1992
Nigeria galena based kwali
graphite-based kwali
58.8-62.4%
23-32 ug/g
14-30
ug/g
0.98-1.2%
0.43-
0.46%
Funtua and
Oyewale, 1997
Nigeria local eye shadows - - - 6.15% 35.8% Ajayi et al.,
2002
ND = Not detectable.Three folds blood lead
levels have been observed in users of lead-based eye
cosmetics compared to non-users in Pakistan, India and
Saudi Arabia (Bruyneel et al., 2002; Sprinkle, 1995;
Alkhawajah, 1992)
Studies of the effect of blood lead on children's mental
development have shown intelligence quotient deficits of
an estimated 0.25 points for every microgram per deciliter
(
g/dL) increment in blood lead level (US CDC, 1991a;
Needleman et al., 1979; Wang et al., 2002).composed of galena (PbO), amorphous carbon, zincite
(ZnO), sassolite (H3BO3), minium (Pb3O4), magnetite
(Fe3O4), goethite (FeO(OH)), cuprite (Cu2O), and talc
(Mg3Si4O10(OH)2) (Ali et al., 1978; Hardy et al., 1998,
2002; Worthing et al., 1995; Hearly et al., 1982).High levels
of Zn (35.8%) and Fe (6.15%) were also reported in
ornamental lead which women use to adorn their eye
lashes in Nigeria (Ajayi et al., 2002).Clinically, lead
poisoning from use of lead-based eye cosmetics is
presented with abdominal crampoid pain,
encephalopathy (manifested as anxiety and irritability),
and anemia (Bruyneel et al., 2002).Country Class/Name of
cosmetics
Pb Cd Ni Fe Zn Reference
Saudi Arabia henna 1.29-16.48
ug/g
- - - - Al-Saleh-and
Coate, 1995
Saudi Arabia,
India,
Middle East
kohl
western eyeliner
pencils
2.9-100%
ND
- - - - Al-Hazzaa and
Krahn, 1995
Morocco, US
Mauritania, Pakistan,
India,Great Britain
Saudi Arabia.Acknowledging these impacts, the US Centers for
Disease Control (CDC), the principal advisory agency for
child health in the United States established a goal of
reducing children's blood lead levels to below 10
g/dL
(US CDC, 1991b)
The use of lead based preparations such as cosmetics
and local herbal remedies may account for very high level
of up to 130
gPb/L reported in the milk of nursing
nomadic Fulani women in Northern Nigeria (Vander et al.,
2001).Data on elemental analysis of the ocular lenses exposed
to Pb demonstrates that long-term low-level Pb exposure
results in significant perturbations in the status of the
essential trace metal ions such as Ca, Fe, Cu and Zn.
The effect of Pb on the levels of these divalent metal ions
could be the result of competition for common binding
sites (Dwivedi, 1996).Otanjere (Nigerian name in Igbo language) that contains
up to 81% of lead is commonly scavenged from the
Benue valley trough of which the abandoned Enyingba -
Abakiliki lead and zinc mine is part, and applied in the
treatment of ophthalmologic infections, as an eye
cleanser and in cosmetics (Healy et al., 1984;
Chukwuma, 1997).MATERIALS AND METHOD
Facial make-ups including eye pencils, eye liners and mascara;
lipsticks and lips gloss; and native eye liners (tiro and uhie, names
in Igbo language) were purchased from retail outlets and open
market in Umuahia, southeast Nigeria.These indigenous nomadics are semi-pastoralist
and are not relatively exposed to automobile tailpipe
which is a dominant source of airborne Pb in Nigeria and
other developing countries that still use leaded gasoline
(Awofolu, 2004; Nriagu et al., 1996; Thomas et al., 1999).The use of leaded eye cosmetics
have been observed to be strongly correlated with
elevated blood lead levels (Sprinkle, 1995; Bruyneel et
al., 2002; Al-Ashban et al., 2004; Moghraby et al., 1989;
*Corresponding authors E-mail: [email protected]; Tel:
+234-803-7928452.Lead impairs the renal, homopoietic and
nervous system and reports of various surveys suggest
that Pb is causally related to deficiency in cognitive
functioning (Lansdown and Yule, 1986; Pocock et al.,
1994; Chukwuma, 1997).Hearly et al., 1982; Ali et al., 1978)
The environmental and public health implications of
exposures to lead in Africa have been reviewed and the
use of local herbal remedies and cosmetics have been
indicted as sources of lead exposure (Chukwuma 1997;
Nriagu, 1992).A study of the use of skin lightening
creams containing hydroquinone, corticosteroid and
mercury in Nigeria revealed a prevalence of
dermatological side effects with exogenous ochronosis as
the commonest (Adebajo, 2002).This was subsequently analyzed
for Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn, Ni and Fe using an air-acetylene flame atomic
absorption spectrophotometer (UNICAM, 969) by the standard
calibration technique. INTRODUCTION
The potential lead exposure to the eyes as a result of the
use of traditional cosmetic kohl in Asia, Africa and the
Middle East has been a subject of debate to the scientific
community (Worthing et al., 1995; Al-Hazza and Krahn,
1995; Lekouch et al., 2001; Smart and Madan, 1990;
Hardy et al., 2004).ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We express our appreciation to Prof. Oladele Osibanjo of
Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
for his helpful discussions and to Miss Joy Ejimone of
Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria for her technical
assistance.Kohl and other local
cosmetics worn around the eyes in Asia, Africa and the
Middle East have been identified as suspected source of
Pb exposure to the ocular system (Dwivedi, 1996; Parry
and Eaton, 1991; Alkhawajah, 1992; Sprinkle, 1995).Studies have reported that breastfeeding enhances the
release of lead from the bones (Tellez-Rojo et al., 2002)
and that lead freely crosses the placenta (Shannon,
2003; Srivastava et al., 2001). Epidemiological studies confirms an
association between lead exposure and prevalence of
dental carries in school-age children (Campbell et al.,
2000; Gemmel et al., 2002; Omar et al., 2001).Levels of Pb in unprocessed cosmetics kohl and surma
are comparable to levels reported by Funtua and
Oyewale (1997) in similar product (kwali) in Nigeria.Accepted 9 September, 2005
Several facial cosmetics available in Nigeria were analyzed for their contents of the heavy metals; lead,
cadmium, chromium, nickel, zinc and iron.Eye cosmetics such as kohl and
surma have been identified as a suspected source of Pb
exposure to the ocular system in a number of adults and
children (Parry and Eaton, 1991; Sprinkle, 1995;
Alkhawajah, 1992).Talcum powders have been observed to
contain asbestiform and substantial concentrations of Ni,
Co, and Cr (Rohl et al., 1976).The toxicity of Pb at high levels of
exposure is well known, but a major concern of today is
the possibility that continual exposure to relatively low
levels of lead may entail adverse health effects
(Bergback et al., 1992; Koller et al., 2004).Similar studies of traditional eye
make-ups used in Nigeria have reported very high levels
of trace metals in locally sourced eye make-ups (Funtua
and Oyewale, 1997; Ajayi et al., 2002).The
applications of local preparations containing Pb in the
treatment of ophthalmogic infections and as an eye
cleanser and in cosmetic have been identified as a major
source of Pb intake in Africa (Chukwuma, 1997).cosmetics and other purpose in mineralized areas such
as the Benue valley/trough of Nigeria and several other
developing countries have not been reported or
documented (Chukwuma, 1997).Similarly, a study of cosmetic talcum
and powder has shown that these products were rarely
the pure mineral talc, but rather were mixtures of various
minerals.Evidence shows that in addition
to its importance as an essential nutrient necessary for
oxygen metabolism and mitochondrial function, Fe
exhibits a functional importance as a trace metal in the
normal growth and functional maturation of the skin
(Landsdown, 2001).Consequently, gestational
Pb poisoning is not only harmful to the woman, but also
to the developing fetus, invariably producing congenital
lead poisoning.Processed cosmetics available in Nigeria appear to
contain higher levels of Pb compared to similar products
available in Bulgaria, Saudi Arabia, India and the Middle
East.Education of parents
and childcare workers regarding the risks of
administering lead-based substances to children and
themselves needs to be incorporated into health and
healthcare framework systems in developing nations
(Chukwuma, 1997).Besides lifestyle, living conditions and culture have
tended to govern exposure to toxic metals including Pb
(Nriagu, 1992; Chukwuma, 1997).The very high levels of trace metals especially lead in
the locally sourced eye make-ups necessitates a study of
other imported and locally produced cosmetics used in
Nigeria.The digest was taken up in 1 M HNO3, filtered with
Whatman No 4 filter paper into 10 cm3 volumetric flask and made
up to mark with deionized water.Batch precision and accuracy were
successfully monitored with a 10% insertion rate of sample
duplicates, blanks and spikes.Levels of the metals, Cr,
Fe, and Zn were much higher in the samples than those
of the non-essential metals, Pb, Ni and Cd. Zinc and Fe
levels were the highest.However, very high levels of Fe were reported in both the
graphite-based kwali (>4300
g/g) and the lead-based
kwali (0.98 - 1.2%) which reflects the natural source of
these materials (Funtua and Oyewale, 1997).Ophthalmologists have indicated that a
seemingly disproportionately high percentage of patients
with intransigent glaucoma have elevated Cd levels.The present study indicate that the use of facial
cosmetics exposes users to low levels of heavy metals of
which Pb and Cd are of most toxicological concern.The levels of chromium, iron and zinc were much higher in
the samples than those of the non-essential toxic metals; lead, cadmium and nickel.The objective of the present study therefore is to
examine further the trace metals content of facial
cosmetics commonly used in Nigeria.However the continuous use
of these cosmetics may enhance the absorption of
especially Cd and Pb during eating for lipsticks and
during sweating for the other facial make-ups.The health implications of
the use of these cosmetics can only be properly
assessed by monitoring the levels of these toxic metals in
the blood and urine samples of the group engaged in the
practice.It should be noted, however that these cosmetics are
relatively safer to use when compared to the lead-based
kwali eye make-ups which have been reported to contain
Nnorom et al. 1135
Table 1.Metal Eye Liners Eye pencils Lipstick
Fe 195.3 +- 111.9
(169.2)*
78.0 - 325.2**
133.0 +- 98.6
(97.2)
17.0 - 288.3
297.5 +- 167.6
(256.1)
92.2 - 632.0
Ni 9.2 +- 4.1
(8.43)
4.4 - 14.5
13.4 +- 5.8
(12.1)
4.9 - 21.5
14.6 +- 6.3
(13.3)
7.0 - 22.8
Pb 131.0 +- 61.0
(120.5)
66.4 - 213.6
129.2 +- 40.4
(123.2)
66.0 - 187.1
105.5 +- 67.5
(87.3)
28.7 - 252.4
Zn 94.4 +- 27.6
(91.5)
72.0 - 128.5
111.9 +- 49.6
(100.9)
36.3 - 198.7
94.9 +- 38.5
(88.0)
42.3 - 174.8
Cr 37.8 +- 4.1
(37.6)
33.5 - 43.1
41.5 +- 12.7
(39.9)
25.8 - 64.3
31.8 +- 11.2
(30.4)
20.5 - 58.8
Cd 1.3 +- 0.7
(1.0)
0.3 - 1.8
0.8 +- 0.2
(0.7)
0.5 - 1.1
1.1 +- 0.6
(0.9)
0.5 - 2.4
*Geometric mean.A recurrent theme in research on childhood lead
poisoning has been the discovery time and again over
the past four decades that Pb is toxic to the developing
nervous system at levels previously thought to be safe.Levels of Ni comparable to
levels found in Nigerian cosmetics were also reported by
Sainio et al. (2000).Understanding the consequences of low-level human Pb
poisoning will depend upon an accurate assessment of
the pervasiveness of toxicity in the global population.The range of the
geometric average for the various cosmetics is: Fe, 97-256
g/g; Ni, 8-13
g/g; Pb, 87-123
g/g; and Zn,
88-101
g/g.A biological basis for breast carcinogenesis could
result from the ability of the various constituent chemicals
to bind to DNA and to promote growth of the damaged
cells (Darbre, 2003).In fact, lead has been
described as the most severe environmental contaminant
to arise in human civilization (Smith and Flegal, 1995).The range of Pb levels
for lipsticks is wider than that for local eyeliners, while the
geometric mean value for the local eye-liners (120.5

g/g) is much higher than that for the lipsticks (87.3
g/g).Exposure
to lead by dermal contact can contribute to significant
toxicity (Moyer et al., 1999).The graphitebased
kwali is also relatively safer, as lower values of Ni
(14-30
g/g), Zn (11-19
g/g), and Pb (23-32
g/g) were
observed in them compared to the lead-based kwali.Apart from an extensive data available on Pb
intoxication on CNS and the hemopoietic system, very
little information is available regarding its effects on the
ocular system (Dwivedi, 1996).Significantly higher levels of Cu, Pb and Cd have been
observed in human lenses of people suffering from
cataract.It has been
suggested that lead may have this effect by interfering
with the role of calcium in brain cell development (Driscoll
et al., 1992) and because the developing nervous system
is thought to be far more vulnerable to toxic effect of lead
than the mature brain (Koller et al., 2004).Unfortunately,
it is not known whether treatment to reduce blood lead
levels prevents or reduces such impairment (Rogan et
al., 2001).A baby exclusively fed with this milk is
estimated to have an average Pb intake of 9.9
g/kg/day,
a value twice the daily permissible intake (DPI) of 5.0

g/kg/day set by WHO in 1972.Our result indicates that these cosmetics are relatively safer to use when
compared to the lead-based kwali eye make-up commonly available in Nigeria.These data indicate that
the continuous use of these cosmetics could result in an increase in the trace metal levels in the ocular
system and the human body beyond acceptable limits.Lead and
cadmium are two potentially harmful metals that have
aroused considerable concern.The samples were dried to
constant weight in an oven at 80?C for 12 h. 1 g of the dried
samples was digested with HNO3, evaporated to near dryness on a
hot plate and then cooled.More HClO4 was added until evolution of white fumes
(marking the end of the digestion process) before heating to near
dryness.Because of the positively
skewed nature of the results, the geometric mean of the
results was calculated as it is a better estimate of the
average than the arithmetic mean.As such it is readily incorporated into trophic
and metabolic pathways (Smith and Flegal, 1995).Automobile exhausts were believed to account for more
than 80% of the air pollution in Nigeria (Osibanjo and
Ajayi, 1989).This indicates that some
exclusively breastfed Fulani infants may be at risk of
injury from lead derived from their mothers milk.One can
only but imagine the health implications and blood lead
values of such infants considering that these cosmetics
and herbal preparations are also used on infants and
neonates.The geometric mean values obtained for Cr and Cd were generally below 40
g/g and about
1
g/g, respectively.There is a growing concern about the physiological and
behavioral effects of environmental trace metals in
human population.Appropriate quality assurance
procedures and precaution were carried out to ensure reliability of
the results.Comparative amounts of Pb were found in the local eyeliners
and the eye pencils.Chromium levels on the other hand were
much higher than the corresponding levels of nickel and
cadmium in each sample group.Correlation study of the data
indicated only a relatively weak correlation between Cr
and Zn (r = 0.5) and between Cr and Cd (r = 0.4).Iron
compounds have an established role as colorants in
many cosmetic products.Thus the observed high values of
these metals may not indicate any present possible
health hazard.On a societal basis, the aggregate loss on
cognitive acuity due to lead exposure can be enormous.